Agzul
Deg tezrawt-a, ad d-nawi awal ɣef tenfaliyin tukrifin n teqbaylit. Asentel-a ur d-llant ara fell-as aṭas n tezrawin fell-as deg unnar n tmaziɣt ɣas akken idles n tmaziɣt d win yellan d amesbaɣur. ɣef wakka, ad neg tasledt kra n tenfaliyin n tutlayt n teqbaylit, ad tent-sissmel ilmend n tsekkiwin-nsent akken daɣen ad d-nesken tulmisin-nent. Igemmaḍ n leqdic-a ad d-sernint tizrawin ɣef tesnefyirt n tmaziɣt.
Awalen-igejdanen
Tanfalit n tutlayt, akarif, tasleḍt tasnilsant, tutlayt tamaziɣt
Tazwert
Deg tmetti taqbaylit, nettaf aṭas n tewsatin ama d timucuha, isefra, inzan, timesɛraq, tinfaliyin tukrifin... Tiwsatin-a mgradent deg temnaṭ ɣer tayeḍ.
Deg leqdic-a, nefren ad nexdem ɣef tenfaliyin tukrifin. Tinfaliyin-a sseqdacen-tent medden deg yal tameslayt, sɛant azal meqqren deg yal tameslayt imi ttuneḥsabent d agerruj n tutalyt. Ttilint-d deg tegnatin anida i ilaq ad tent-id- inin iwakken ad ssiwḍen izen- akken iwata. Aseqdec n tenfalit tukrift icudd γer tegnit ideg yettmeslay umsiwel, acku yettwali s useqdec n tenfalit tukrift ara yessiweḍ ayen yebɣa ad yini war yesseqdec awalen kan.
Rnu ɣef wannect-a, tawsit-a ur tettwazerrew ara s telqi deg tutlayt n tmaziɣt. Gar leqdicat i yemmugen ɣef tewsit-a,yella wayen yuran s tefransist1, llan wid i yettwarun s tmaziɣt ladɣa d leqdicat n turagt neɣ d tizrawin n Master.
Gar wuguren i d-nettemlil deg tewsit-a ulac amawal s teqbaylit i d-yemmalen tinfaliyin-a n tutlayt. Mačči am tewsatin-nniḍen.
Boumara K., yefka-yasent isem n tenfaiyin n tutlayt i d-yessuqel seg tefransist: expression idiomatique.
Expression : tanfalit
Idiome : tutlayt
Maca, ad d-naf ismawen-nni i yettunefken i tenfaliyin-a deg leqdicat-nniḍen :tinfalyin tukrifin, tinfaliyin tusbikin, tinfaliyin n tutlayt, tinfalitin tiγerfanin. Deg leqdic-a, ad nesseqdec awal tinfaliyin tukrifin.
Tinfaliyin tukrifin sɛant azal meqqran deg tmeslayt, yes-sent nezmer ad nessiweḍ izen neγ tikti akken iwata, war ma nezzi i wawal akken daγen i nesseqdac tikwal tinfaliyin-a iwakken ur nesseqdec kra n wawalen icemten neγ yqerriḥen. Amedya2 : menyif ad d-nini yewweḍ leεfu n Rebbi wala ma nnan-d yemmut srid acku dayen i yqerriḥen nezzeh.
1. Kra n tbadutin tiẓrayanin
Tinfaliyin tukrifin d agraw n wawalen i d-yettakken yiwen n unamek d ukrif. Anamek n tenfalit yemgarad γef unamek n wawalen uqbel ad duklen.
Aṭas n tbadutin i d asent-yettunefken sγur yimussnwaen, nefren-d kra deg-sent3:
Tabadut i d asent- yefka, Tidjet M., deg tezrawt-is « Tanfalit tukrift d anmawal uddis yesεan azal n yiwet n tayunt tanmawalant. » (Tidjet M., 1996 :342)
ɣer Archambault-Lapointe J.,
« Tanfalit tukrift d agraw n sin neγ ugar n wawalen, d tid yettwasnen s ukraf n tyunin-is ama deg uswir aseddasan, asnamkan, amawalan, tinfaliyin-a d tid yellan d aferdis gar yiferdisen n umawal i yettwasnen sγur yimsiwal n kra n tutlayt » (Archambault-Lapointe,2009 : 24).
Ma yella ɣer Gross G.,
« Tanfalit tukrift d agraw n wawalen yeqqnen wa γer wayeḍ i d-yettbinen deg yiwet n tayunt, acku iferdisen-is ur zmiren ara ad ttuferqen, ttakkenanzin γer wawalen uddisen yellan deg usegzawal » . (Gross G., 1996 :4)
Tinfaliyin tukrifin d aḥric deg umawal n tutlayt, yal tutlayt tesεa tawsit-a. Ayen yessemgiriden tinfaliyin-a ɣef tenfaliyin-nniḍen d tayunin-is yettilin d tukrifin. D wasmi deg uswir asnamkan, sεant yiwen unamek ur nettbeddil ara.,ttuneḥsabent d yiwet n tayunt tamawalant. Ma yella deg uswir aseddasan, ur nezmir ad asent-nexdem tasleḍt s yilugan akk n tseddast am tefyar-nniḍen tilelliyin. ur nezmir ara ad nbeddel awal s wayeḍ xas ma yella d amegdawal-ines.
1.1. Tamiḍrant n « Akarif »
Sumata, awal “akarif” yusa-d seg umyag “kref “. Deg usegzawal de Boumara K., akraf « D aṭṭan ticki i ḥuza amur deg tfekka, ur tzemreḍ ara ad tḥerkeḍ » (Boumara K, 2002: 133).
Deg tesnilest, « akarif » d akala yettilin deg tutlayt, yal tutlayt tesɛa tagnit anda i d-yettili ukraf n tayunin-is. Tuddsa n kra n wawalen-is d unamek –nsent ttuneḥsabent ɣer taggara d yiwet n tayunt tamawalant. γer Jean Dubois., « Akarif d akala, mi ara yili deg ugraw n wawalen, mi ssawḍen zdin ttakken-d tanfalit anda awalen-ni ur nezmir ad ten-nefreq » (Jean Dubois,2002:202).
Tumant-a, yettili anagar deg tenfaliyin tukrifin, ur t-nettaf ara deg tefyar tilelliyin imi nezmer ad nbeddel iferdisen yellan deg-sent akken nebɣa. Maca deg tenfalit tukrift, iferdisen –is sebken, ur nezmir ara ad ten-nebḍu.
1.2. Tisekkiwin n tenfaliyin tukrifin
Tinfaliyin tukrifin bḍant γef :
1.2.1. Tinfaliyin tukrifin tinismin
D tinfaliyin i yettwasuddsen anagar s yismawen, d isem i d afedis agejdan iɣef tebna.
Md
Tasekkurt timellalin.
Tasa n tyaẓiḍt.
Tinfaliyin tukrifin tinismin, ttasent-d mgal n tenfaliyin tukrifin tinemyagin. γer Yahiaoui M., « Tinfaliyin tukrifin tinismin d tid ur neqqebel ara isemmaden acku wi cudden ɣer yimyagen » (Yahiaoui M, 2009:140)
1.2.2. Tinfaliyin tukrifin timyaganin
Tinfaliyin tukrifin tinemyagin, d tinfaliyin ilan amyag deg-sent d aferdis agejdan, ɣef umyag i tebna tenfalit tanemyagt. Uggtent tenfaliyin timyagin deg teqbaylit.
Md
Icud yiles-is.
Yenta yicc-is.
Nezmer daɣen ad naf t infaliyin tukrifin yebnan ɣef tenzaɣ
Md
Nnig wul
Seg ul
2. Amgirred gar tenfaliyin tukrifin d tewsatin-nniḍen
Tenfalyin tukrifin mgaradent ɣef tewsatin-nniḍen n tutlayt maca s tulmisin n tewsatin-a i nezmer ad nessemgired gar-sent.
2.1. Amgirred gar tenfaliyin tukrifin d tenfaliyin-nniḍen n tutlayt
Anamek n tenfalit tukrift tettuneḥsab d yiwen n wawal. Awalen yeddsen tafalit tukrift qqnen ugar-sen, ur nezmir ara ad tent-nefreq, ma neɛreḍ ad ten-nefreq, ad aɣ -yefk anamek-nniḍen. D annect-a i yessemgiriden tinfaliyin-a ɣef tenfaliyin- nniḍen anda i nezmer ad nbeddel awalen deg tenfalit-nni s yiknawen--nniḍen akken daɣen i nezmer ad nbeddel deg yilugan n tjerrumt am wudemawen d tewsit (asuf, asget, amalay, unti).
2.2. Amgirred gar tenfaliyin tukrifin d yinzan
Inzan d agraw n tmussniwin id-ğğan yimezwura icudden ɣer kra n tedyant yeḍran zik. Talɣiwin-a uɣent deg tutlayt, sseqdacen-ten yimdanen deg tudert n yal ass iwakken ad ssiwḍen tiktiwin- nsen. Ttaken-d ccbaḥa i tutlayt s unamek lqayen, ssegrayen-d dima anamek ɣer taggara.
Md :yečča lmal, yefreḥ bab-is
Win yeččan yečča,win yegran tarbuyt tekkes
Ayen yessemgiriden inzan ɣef tenfaliyin tukrifin ur nezmir ad nbeddel talɣa-nsen, ur ttbeddilen ara deg temnadt ɣer tayeḍ yerna qqnen ɣer tedyant yeḍran.
Akken nezmer ad nwali deg yimedyaten i d-nefka inzan-a akken i ten-qqaren deg temnaḍin akk, nesseqdec-itent akken ma llant s talɣa-ya, ur tbeddilent ara deg temnadt ɣer tayeḍ
Ma tinfaliyin tukrifin, yezmer ad mgirident deg temnat ɣer tayeḍ.
3. Tulmisin n tenfaliyin tukrifin
Llant kra n tulmisin s wayes nezmer ad neɛqel tanfalit tukrift, ad d-nebder kra deg-sent, yal tulmist ad tt-id-nesgzi s umedya.
3.1. Ugur n tsuqqilt
Tinfaliyin tukrifin d tid yuεren nezzeh i tigzi, d wasmi ur nezmir ad tent-nsuqel dima ɣer tutlayt-nniḍen, acku, seg tama, sεant taɣessa taseddasant temgarad ɣef tefyar-nniḍen yellan d tilelliyin,, seg tama-nniḍen, ttemgirident seg, tutlayt ɣer tayeḍ.
Ayen i yessemgiriden tinfaliyin tukrifin ɣer tefyar-nniḍen, tayunin-is akken ma llant sebkent, qqnent ugar-asent, ur nezmir ad asent-nexdem tasuqilt awal s wawal, acku ad naf ur ttwafhament ara sɣur yimssiwal n tutlayt-nniḍen tiberraniyin; yettruḥu-yasent unamek i tesεa deg tutlayt-is tanaslit; anamek i tebɣa ad sken deg-s (deg tutlayt-is tanaslit) ur yettɣami d yiwen deg tutlayt -nniḍen, yezmer ad tesεu anamek-nniḍen, akken daɣen tezmer ur tessaεu ara akk anamek.
Amedya
« Yeçça aqerruy-iw ». nexdem-as tasuqilt awal s wawal ɣer tutlayt taberranit n tefransist « il a mangé sa tête », ad d-naf tafyirt-a ur tesεi anamek deg tutalyt n tefransist.
3.2. Agetnamek n tayunin tukrifin
Tikwal tinfaliyin tukrifin bnant ɣef tayunin tigetmawalin, akken i d-yenna Yahiaoui M « Tinfaliyin tukrifin bnant ɣef tyunin tagetmawalin, i izemren ad d-yawwin aṭas n yinumak » (Yahiaoui M,2009 :).
Llant kra n tenfaliyin tukrifin, sεant sin neɣ ugar n yinumak, mi ara yilint ttusemrasent sɣur yimsiwal, tayunin-a tagetmawalin zemrent ad d-ssawḍent aṭas n tektiwin s yiwen n wawal ( Deg teqbaylit, uggtent talɣiwin-a).
Md
Yerra-d tafat i uxxam.
Deg tenfalit-a am ta nezmer ad d-negzu sin n yinumak :
Yezmer d tafat i iruḥen deg uxxam, iεedda iseggem-itt-id umdan-nni.
Yezmer d amdan-nni yakan i d-yerran tafat, acku εziz neɣ ḥemlent, neɣ ma yella iɣab cedhant at wexxam-nni.
3.3. Abeddel n tmeẓri deg tenfalit tukrift
Tinfaliyin tukrifin tikwal ur qqeblent ara abeddel n tmeẓri n yemyagen. Annect-a yerza aswir asnalɣaddasan (taseftit), yezmer da ur d-yettili ara deg kra n tenfaliyin tukrifin.
Md
Iɛewweq deg yiman-is Ad iɛewweq deg yiman-is.
Bedden imeẓẓuɣuen-is Ttbaddaden imeẓẓuɣuen-is
Nbeddel timeẓri n umyag “iɛewweq” n tenfalit tamezwarut ɣer urmir s “ad”, d umyag “bedden”n tenfalit tis snat ɣer urmir ussid, nwala seld n waya, iruḥ-asent unamek-nsent, s wakka, llant kra n tenfaliyin tukrifin anda ur nezmir ara ad nbeddel timeẓri n yemyagen-is.
3.4. Abeddel n wadeg n wawalen daxel n tenfalit tukrift
Tafalit tukrift d agraw n wawalen i icudden deg uswir n tseddast akked deg uswir asnamkan, bennunt-d yiwen n tɣessa, awalen-a zdin s talɣa ur nettbeddil ttakken-d anamek amatu ur nettbeddil ara
D ayen id-yeskanayen ugar, tanfalit tukrift ur d-yelli ufraq deg tynunin-is, ɣas akken deg tazwara ad tt-naf d agraw n wawalen ilelliyen yeqnen ugar-asen
Ma nbeddel adeg i yiwet n tayunt deg tyunin-is, ad naf tesruḥuy taɣessa-s i yellan d taɣessa tuzigt temgarad akk ɣef tɣessiwin iɣef bnant tefyar.
Md
Fkan afus…Afus fkan
Tewwi ul-iw …ul-iw tewwi.
Deg yimedyaten-a, ma neɛreḍ ad nbeddel adeg n yiwet n tayunt tamawalant, nufa-d asezwer deg tenfalit tukrift ur yettwaqbal ara, acku daɣen yettruḥu-yas unamek.
3.5. Abeddel awal s wawal-nniḍen deg tenfalit tukrift
Tulmist-a teqqen ɣer lebni n tefyirt tulmist imi werğin tqebbel abeddel awal s wawalen –nniḍen deg tyunin-is, ilmend n Sevensson
« Deg tenfalit tukrift ur nezmir ad nbeddel awal s wawal-nniḍen, aya yella-d ɣas akken deg yilugan n tjerrumt nezmer ad nbeddel akken nebɣa » (Se M, 2004 :
Ayen i yessemgiriden daɣen tafyirt tilellit d tenfalit tukrift, tilellit nezmer ad d-nbeddel awal s wawal-nniḍen i yettilin deg yiwet n taggayt tasnamkant (aknaw-is) war ubeddel n tekti n tefyirt-nni.
Iferreǧ-d Rebbi fell-aɣ
Inezzeh-d Rebbi fell-aɣ
Deg tenfalit-a, ma neɛred ad nbeddel yiwen n wawal s uknaw-is, ma yella anamek-is ad yeqqim d win neɣ ad iruḥ merra. S wakka nbeddel awal “Iferreǧ”s uknaw-is “Inezzeh”, nufa-d tesruḥ anamek-nni amenzu i d-yemmalen : “d ayen tfuk tagnit n ccedda, tusa-d teswiɛt n rbeḥ”.
3.6. Tanfaliyin tukrifin d yidles
Tutlayt anda ma tella tcud ɣer yidles-is, idles, yettemgirid s umgired n tmettit ideg d-tellul. Tinfaliyin tukrifin s timad-nsent, qqnent ɣer tmetti akken daɣen qqnent ɣer yidles, banent-d sɣur yimsiwal i wakken ad ssawaḍen yes-sent kra n yizen, daɣen i wakken ad temsifhamen ugar-asen, skanayen-d yes-sent iḥulfan-sen …, akken i d-yenna Ahmed Al wadi.
« Tinfaliyin tukrifin d lemri n uxemmem n tudert n yemdanen, yal tutlayt tettemmal-d tidet-is ilmend n wamek i sekden medden tiɣawsiwin » (Sevensson M,2004 :109)
Tinfaliyin tukrifin ṭṭfent aḥric meqqren deg tmetti n umdan. Yes-sent, yezmer ad d-yessenfalay ayen yebɣa, acku deg tmetti ideg nella nettnadi akk ayen ara aɣ-yessifsusen ameslay mi ara nili nettembidal tiktiwin.
Taggrayt
Tinfaliyin tukrifin nesseqdac-itent deg tegnatin n tmenna, deg tudert-nneɣ n yal ass. Ttuneḥsabent d tamudemt n wayen ttidiren yemdanen deg tmetti-nsen.Qqnent ɣer usemres n tutlayt, ɣer yidles, ɣer tsekla, ɣer umezruy.
Deg leqdic-a, newwi-d awal wezzil ɣef tenfaliyin-a, nefka-d kra n tbadutin yerna nessegza-d kra n tulmisin-nsent d wayen i tent-yessemgiriden ɣef tewsatin-nniḍen. Maca ad qqimen leqdicat xusen deg taɣult-a, nessaram ad ilin leqdcat-nniḍen.