Agzul
Iswi n umagrad-a d asenked n wamek tettwuri tumant n usuddes amawalan deg tmaziɣt s tmuɣli tasnamkawalt. Di tazwara, ad yili d tazrawt ara iɛerḍen ad sken tugna n wallal amawalan deg tutlayt-a ara ireṣṣin timsal ɣef aḥric asnalɣan d usnamkan. Syin akin, ad nwali d acu-t webrid yes i d-nbennu iwalnuten uddisen n tmaziɣt. Acku s wemhaz n tezrawin di taɣult, nettwali tura belli isnulfuyen imawalanen ttilin-d ama deg usuddem ama deg tuddsa. S wakka, nesteqsay deg umagrad-a ɣef wemḍiq n usuddes deg useggem n umawal amaziɣ d wamek ara yezdi deg tmuɣli tasnirmant. S webrid niḍen, ma yella asuddes amawalan izmer ad itteki deg uɣumu neɣ deg tduli n lixṣaṣ ameqqran deg tesniremt ? Amek i tezmer tɣessit tasnamkawalant n wuddisen n tmaziɣt ad tawi iferdisen n tritit i tutlayt ittnadin tifrat s webrid n tesniremt ?
Awalen isura
Amawal ; tasnamkawalt ; asuddem ; tuddsa ; tasniremt.
Tazwart
Iswi n umagrad-a d asebgen n wamek d tettili tumant n usuddes amawalan deg tmaziɣt ɛlaḥsab n tmuɣli n tsenamkawalt. Deg tezrawt-a, ad nebdu yakan s usenked n weḥric n tesnalɣa, syin akin ad nezri ar waḥric n tesnamkawalt, ar taggara ad neɛreḍ ad nwali amek i tezmer ad tili tmuɣli tasnimant n yiwalnuten uddisen di tmaziɣt.
Tazrawt-a tetekka ɣef yiwen wamud d-ittugemren ama seg usegzawal n J. M. Dallet: tameslayt n At Mengellat Taqbaylit/Tafransist, ama seg tussniwin i nekseb deg teqbaylit n yal ass, ayagi deg tama. Seg tama niḍen, iwalnuten uddisen kkan-d s umata seg tesniremt i neseqdac deg teɣmert n tutlayt d yidles n tmaziɣt n bgayet. Amud d-yettugemren yebḍa gar yigran n tsenamkawalt n tutlayt taqbaylit (ibelḥkac d yiɣesiwen, imɣan, ṣnaɛi tiqburin, aṭanen, asemmi n tusniwin tatrarin, atg.).
Nesteqsay deg umagrad-a ɣef temlilt n usuddes deg useggem n umawal n tmaziɣt d wamek i ilaq ad nesilleɣ awalen uddisen abeɛda i waḥric n tesniremt. S tmuɣli niḍen amek ara yizmir usuddes ad ifekk afus deg lebni n tesniremt? Amek ara ad tawi tɣessa tasnamkawalt n wuddisen n tmaziɣt amaynut i tutlayt i d-yettmagaren uguren deg weḥric asnirman?
Tasnamkawalt tbedd s umata ɣef tagruma n tɣessa i yettağğan ad neg asemqireb gar kra n wunmiken n wawalen (Mounin G. 1970: 124). Myal iger asnamkan isebgan-d azuzer n yezmulen i yella. Am akken daɣen i d-yettbin s wemgired asnalɣan d usemmi n wawalen i d-yesdakal. Ihi, anagraw n umawal yettwabna deg wudem asnamkan ɣef akk ayen d-teṭṭef tmeslayt.
1. Asuddes
Asuddes amawalan d yiwen webrid gar wiyaḍ n usilleɣ n umawal deg tutlayt. Γas akken di tmaziɣt asuddes ur yelli ara s waṭas am usuddim, d acu kan mazal teḥrez tutlayt aṭas seg-s. Deg tesnilest tamatut, tumant n usuddes tettuneḥsab akken ttyettwali (Benveniste E. 1974: 145) amzun d tameskalt deg usilleɣ n yismawen am tsuddimt. Maca, (Martinet A. 1968: 55) yenna-d dakken asemgired gar sin yiberdan-agi yettili-d deg ugama n wawalen izeddin deg uselleɣ-nsen. Wid n usuddes ttilin anda niḍen mači ala deg usuddes, ma d wid n usuddim ur zmiren ara ad ilin ala deg waddad amaruz. Tameẓla n usuddes temgared ɣef tin n usuddim, amgired-agi yekka-d seg tillawt n daxel i myal abrid n usilleɣ. Ayen yesnemgalen asuddes ɣef usuddim, d tamamakt s wacu myal yiwen seg-sen amek d-yuɣ abrid. Asuddem yettili-d s usenṭeḍ n yiferdisen ideg yiwen, ma ulac, ur yezmir ara ad yili d amunnan, ma d iferdiesen n usuddes zemren ad ilin s talɣa taymant.
Seg tmuɣli-a ɣef usissen n usuddes, nezmer ihi ad nesissen daɣen dakken asuddes am weḥric deg yinaw d-yettbinen s wudem aseddasan amzun d yiwet n tayunt maca tezmer ad ttwasleḍ ɣef aṭas n tayunin tilnamkanin i nettaf anda niḍen amzun d tayunin tiymanin.
Uqbel ad nezri ar wezraw n usuddes s tmuɣli tasnamkant, yewwi-d ad nsuk tiṭ d asmekti ɣef wudem asnalɣan.
2. Tasnalɣa n usuddes
S umata, asuddes deg tmaziɣt ɣur-s snat n talɣiwin: asuddes isebken d usuddes icebken. Asbak d win ideg imsuddas ur llin ara gar-asen wassaɣen iseddasen akken t-id yeskan umedya-a: Alemsir (d aglim n yizimer iɣef srusuyen tissirt n weblaḍ iẓẓaden ibawen akk d yirden), meččudi (d abaɛuc neɣ yella wanda s ttsemmin tteryel), bbirwel (abelḥekkuc iteqqsen deg umeẓẓuɣ), artg. Tawya n usuddes-a tezmer ad d twasleḍ s webrid asnalɣan akka: Uddis amezwaru alemsir: Alem (ilem) + ta/ti sir(t), deg sdukel-a yella-d: isem + isem. Wis sin d meččudi: ečč + udi, amyag + isem. Ma d wis kraḍ d bbirwel bbi (skuṭṭef) + rwel (tarewla), amyag + amyag.
I tamawt kan, yewwi-d ad nini dakken asuddes isebken yezga wayen i d-asen iruḥen am tergalin neɣ tiɣra, anect-a itekk-d seg ḥeffu asnislan, dɣa tasleḍt-nsen tettaɛer acku ayagi yeqqen ar wemhaz n tutlayt s wudem amzger-kudan.
Asuddes icebken d asuddes ideg irman izeddin degs skanayen-d assaɣen iseddasen yettuzemlen s “n” n tilin. Gar imedyaten i d-nefren deg ṣenf-a, ɣur-neɣ: claɣem n wemcic (imɣi gar wiyaḍ), adrar ufud (d tama deg uḍar n wemdan d-yezgan s daw tgecrirt), ifadden n tmurt (d imɣi niḍen), artg. Tawya n usuddes-a tezmer ad twasleḍ s tmamakt-a: claɣem + n + amcic: isem + n + isem; Adrar + ufud ma d n tɣelli deg waddad amaruz. Anect-a yettili-d melmi i d-temlal tenzeɣt n akked teɣra a s tumant n temsertit afud yettuɣal ufud.
Alami d da nekkes deg usuddes isuddimen s usezwer, nezmer daɣen ad nernu tinfaliyin isebken d usemẓi n wawalen. Tanfalit: tasa n tyaẓiṭ (tugdi) tettuseqdac am yiwet n tayunt, tettili-d dima s unamek yemgaraden ɣef win n wawalen melmi iten-nerfed myal yiwen iman-is. D acu kan deg usuddes d awezɣi ad d-yili ubeddel yecban-wagi, acku ur yezmir ara ad yili s daw n umriri d umyebdel d ayen d-isebganen timanit n wesbak n usuddes. Amedya-a yeskan-d taluft-a akken iwata: Aberkan uqerruy (ajḍiḍ, afrux) yettbin-d amzun d asuddes axaṭer arbib n tefyirt izeggir-d isem ara ibeddel: aqerruy aberkan.
Maca, asusɣet n unamek n tenfalit isebken yettbin-d s sin wudmawen: deg weswir aseddasan, iferdisen izeddin deg usilleɣ n tenfalit ur llin ara faḍen, acku senkaden-d tagnit i wemriri d umyebdel melba ma yella-d makes ɣef unamek s umata. D ayemi, deg weswir asnamkan ideg d-tili tmunnent n unamek n tayunin timawalanin n yimsuddas n tenfalit myal yiwen seg-sen iḥerrez anemek-is. Ma deg usuddes n tidet imsuddas ɣur-sen anamek ur nelli ara d win isen-yettunefken di tazwara. Ar taggara, gar isfernen d-ittusumren i waken ad nsemgired gar wuddisen d tenfaliyin, ijwal ijerrumaniyen d wid d-yufraren s waṭas, maca d wid yellan d ismekalen iweɛren i wannay.
D yiwet n tamawt i yimuddisen yettugezlen ur nelli ara ala d asegzel n tenfaliyin isebken, amedya: ulayɣer d-yekkan seg: ula i ɣer.
Ma dayen yeɛnan amuddem war d yiwen wawal i nettaf deg usilleɣ n kra n tenfaliyin am: war-isem, war-ɛad, war-ğğin, d awal i nufa deg waṭas n tentaliwin n tmaziɣt. Yella-d d askasi gar yimussnawen n tmaziɣt ilmend umsulles uẓayer-is deg tutlayt. Fukru-a d win ara ɣ-yeğğen ad nini dakken war ur yesɛi ara aẓayer aseddasan. Maca, akken yettwali (Basset A. 1940: 210) war-ğğin yettuseqdec s tmamakt tamunnant melba ma yella yeqqen ar yisem neɣ usemmad n yisem. Yerna-d daɣen dakken ur yelli kra izemren ad-aɣ d-yefk tilisa useqdec-is. Basset isakkez dakken war ittenemgal i wawal bu d-yusan seg tutlayt n taɛrabt. Aneggaru-a ahat yeṭṭef amḍiq n win tesɛa tmaziɣt, yeqqel yejla. Akken daɣen i yezmer ad yili d azwir.
3.Tasleḍt tasnamkawalt
Ula deg weswir asnamkan yettili-d umgired gar snat n tawyiwin n ususddes: wid ideg anemek yemgared ɣef umnenni n sin n yinumak n wuddis d wid ideg anamek ur nelli d ayen niḍen ala afares usemnenni.
3.1.Tasleḍt n berra
Imi akken d nega asemgired asnalɣan gar wuddisen d yisuddimen, nezmer tura ad neg aserwes deg weswir asnamkan. Tinfaliyin isebken qebblent amriri d temkust. Amedya: tawwurt n wefrag, tezmer ad twabeddel ɣar ṭṭaq n wefrag melba ma yella-d kra n wucuḍ asnamkan.
S unemgal, awal uddis ur iqebbel ara amriri d temkust ɣas ahat deg weswir asnalɣan, tanfalit tusbikt tettwuri amzun d awal uddis icebken (Haddadou M. A. 1985). Ihi, ur nezmir ad nger arbib izeggwaɣen gar wuddisen n wuddis claɣem n wemcic melba ma neswaɣ tayunt n wuddis. Dɣa deg tekti-a, Benveniste yenna-d mači d isfren n tummlin i ɣ-yettanfen ad nini ma yella amuddis d tadukelt neɣ ala: aɛessas lḥara d uddis aduklan, maca tiɣmert lḥara ala. Acku, deg weswir amselɣuyan aɛessas lḥara isebgan-d tilawt ittuqdsen i yettawin ar tgensas tidelsanin. Ma d tiɣmert lḥara ur telli alnamek amsulɣan ala tixeddit n wexxam s timmad-is.
3.2. Tasleḍt n daxel
Ma deg tesleḍt tasnalɣant nsemgared gar sin lesnaf n wuddisen (isebken d icebken), deg weswir asnamkan asemgired-a ur yesɛi ara kra n wazal, d ayen ara yeğğen amḍiq i sin leṣnaf niḍen n wuddisen ittenmgalen s wudem asnamkan amsulɣan.
Asuddes asnamkan d win ideg anamek yemgared acemma deg wesdukel n wunmiken n yemsuddas-is: Unmik 1 + Unmik 2= Unmik 3 taneggarut-a d tayunt tamaynut d-yefɣen seg wesdukel n sin wawalen Unmik1 d Wunmik2. D ayen d-yemmalen dakken tawya n wuddisen-a tettwabna seg sin imselɣuten yellan tadra temgarad, d ayen i yeğğan ad yili usemmi n tilawt niḍen izeddin ar umaḍal. (Guirauld P. 1969), deg yiwen gar yidlisen-is iwimi yettsemmi: Tiɣessa tisnadriwin n umawal n trumit, yeqqar-d dakken tummlin n kra n tɣawsiwin, abeɛda, imɣan treṣṣa ɣef umserti n yemɣi n kra n tsebgan tisengamanin n uɣersiw. Amedya d-yufraren deg taɣult-a d uddis: Ameẓẓuɣ n tixsi d-yewwin abrid ameẓlan n texmam-a:
Ameẓẓuɣ n tixsi (Unmuk 1 + Unmik 2= Unmik 3.
S wakka ihi, uddis ara yilin d anmuddis asegzawalan yezmer ad yesɛu anamek anmuddis ur nelli ara d ajmaɛ n yinumak n wawalen yettwadmen myal yiwen iman-is. Ma d anamek n wuddis asnalɣan d asdukel n wunmiken n yimuddisen akken t-id yesknay umedya-a:
Aɣwesmar : iɣes + (t)mar(t)
Unmik 1 + Unmik 2 = Unmik 1+ unmik 2
Di taggara, uddis-a ur yettazen ara ar umselɣu amaynut maca yesteqneɛ s weglam n tsebgan temesgamanin n wudem n uwadem. Anect-a yeqqen ar ṣenf aseddasan n wuddis i d-aɣ yettawin ar wuddis asnalɣan t-id islalayen akken d-yeqqar Benveniste.
Ihi, nezmer ad nesummer tifrat-a:
I wuddisen yella amselɣu n berra, ad nekkes kra tersaḍuft icudden ar usemmi n tɣawsa s timmad-is. S webrid niḍen, imsuddas n umuddis d-yettusalɣen sruḥuyen asnamek amezwaru-nsen, lmaɛna-s anamek amezwaru n myal yiwen seg yimsuddas i yisilliɣin amuddis ur yettili ara d win kan, ijellu akken ad yeğğ amḍiq i unamek idaklen n wawal uddis d-yettusalɣen. S yin akin, i yellan d asdakel n unamek n yimsuddas deg wuddisen isnalɣanen acku ur yettazen ara ar umselɣu n berra. Tawya tis snat, melmi wagi yettazen ar umselɣu n daxel, d ayen d-yettaken assaɣ gar yemsuddas ur telli ara d tameẓlant maca d tamselɣut.
4. Makes n unamek n wuddisen deg/ɣef tutlayt
Squ n tutlayt yettusaqqal-d s sɛaya n daxel (idles, amezruy, artg.) abeɛda amawal-is. Acku anect-a d ayen d-yettaken afud i tutlayt deg taywalt n yal ass. Tignatin d ttak tutlayt i yemsiwal-is yestaqat iberdan usiwel d ayen i yettağğan ineggura-a ad sqedcen tumanin n tulsa n usilleɣ.
Ma d tadamsa n tutlayt, d ayen iwimi nger tamawt ula d tumant n wuddis tzeddi akken iwata deg uselḥu ilaqen n unamek. Amzun tettak anzi ar temlilt tetturar tgetnamka di tdamsa n tmeslayt « Tutlayin tigamanin, niqal ad sɛunt aṭas n tayunin i myal tikti, myal tamiḍrant, myal tawengimt (…) seqdacent imeslayen d wida kan s yinumak yemgaraden » (Taifi M., 2000: 161).
D tidet, tawuri tamawalant n ususddes temgared ɣef tin tgetnamka, tetanef mači kan d abeddel n unamek rnu ula d asilleɣ n wuddisen isnamkanen. Tawya n wuddisen-a tesdakal tijwal tidamkanin illan assaɣ d waṭas n wawalen akken ad silɣen ar taggara yiwet tayunt tumrayt yettaznen s wudem asnamkan ar umselɣu n berra, akken t-id skanen imedyaten-a deg teqbaylit: asɣersif, tabaqit n tqesrit, meččudi, artg.
Asuddes ur yesteqnaɛ ara ad isdakel kan snat n tayunin timawalanin tiḥerfiyin maca yesawaḍ ar usnulfu n tayunin tumrayin d wesnulfu daɣen unamek niḍen amezwaru i tayunt yettwabnan d zyada i win-a sɛan wawalen deg waddad ilelli (uqbel asilleɣ n usuddes). Abrid-a n usilleɣ n unamek izeddi deg lebni n umawal d igellun s usuddes deg tutlayt ara yilin melba cekk d tifrat i wuguren d ttmagar tutlayt n tmaziɣt assa-a, abeɛda deg taɣult n tesniremt.
Asuddes di tmaziɣt (taqbaylit) agama-s d amezgerkudan am akken t-id seknen imedyaten nwala uqbel. Talɣa-nsen tetteg-d kra wuguren abeɛda melmi iten-id nemlal deg yinaw. Uguren-nsen ad ilin kan-d seg unerni n tutlayt ẓẓayen deg wakud, d ayen i d-yeskanayen aẓayer uɛzil n webrid-a n usilleɣ. Maca, s unekcum n wuddisen iwalnuten n tmaziɣt d ayen ara d-yefken afud s waṭas i wemselsiwel n tutlayt.
I wesmekti kan dakken taddra n yiwalnuten n tmaziɣt (awalen iḥerfiyen d wuddisen) ur d-llin ara s webrid ussnan akken t-id qqar tesniremt, acku tilin-nsen ur twulem ara timental n usemmi akken t-id yenna Guilbert L. 1975. Maca, assa-a yewwi-d ad nreṣṣi tilufa ɣef yimeskar ideg d-ban twalnut-a i waken ad neɛreḍ ad naf tifrat ilaqen i tucḍiwin yemgarden i xedmen yimuzigen d war imuzigen. Iswi agejdan d sebded n yisaramen n unadi ara yeṭṭfen amḍiq n yiḥeffaḍen. Zeddi n wuddisen iwalnuten, abeɛda, ussnanen d-yellan ar tura am awal n tesnilest1, tasnalest2, tasnarrayt3, tasnimant4, tasniremt5, artg. Akken yebɣu yili, asuddes d aḥric ittikin deg umawal n tmaziɣt, d acu kan ilaq ad s nfekk azal-is i waken ad nesuffeɣ tusniwiw selḥawen wawalen.
5. Asaka n wuddisen iwalnuten
Iseggas-a ineggura nettwali fetti n yiwalnuten deg taɣult n tmaziɣt. Aya d asaka n waṭas n tutlayin illan ansay n timawit am tmaziɣt. Azray ar tira i yebdan seg waṭas aya maḥsub ɣur-s azal n lqern d wezgen d yiwen ukala ẓẓayen nezzeh yesrin ad nruḥ ar wesnulfu awalnut melmi i terra tmara. Acku, tiwlacin n umawal uzzig yettbin-d am yiṭij deg waṭas n tegnatin, abeɛda, deg tlufa yeqqnen ar umaḍal atrar. Tamaziɣt tettuneḥsab ass-a amzun d tutlayt tameẓyant, asqdec-is yuḥwağ asnulfu n yiwalnuten ixuṣṣen s waṭas deg weswir ussnan, neɣ deg tugnatin niḍen ar urṭṭal neɣ ad yutlay s tutlayt niḍen maḍi wala agla-s; yakan deg teswiɛin ideg d-yewwi wawal ɣef tussna.
Tisrit n tilin akked d tilawt d yiwet gar tewtilin yellan azal i izemren ad aẓayent ɣef tmaziɣt. Deg tekti-a i d-yenna (Deroy L., 1971: 6) « ara d-yiqqimen ala tutlayin yettbeddilen ɛlaḥsab n wakud, ara yeddun d imeɣlayen akked d tesriyin timaynutin, melba ma ttwattlent s tikta tiqburin d usizdeg nezzeh ». S wakka, asemhez n tmeslayt n tmaziɣt d unerni-ines deg usnulfu amawalan d ayen ara d-yawin ayen igerzen i tutlayt akken ad tili twata i wid yurğan ahat ugar.
Deg tezrawt-a ur nettaɛraḍ ara ad nini dakken akk ayen d snulfan imezwura diri-t neɣ yeffeɣ i weḥric ussnan abeɛda iwalnut iḥerfiyen (tasniremt ittusqedcen ass-a) d-yuttusnulfan deg webrid n twalnut, acku ur tili ara d asentel n umagrad-a, maca nerra ad negzi kan wid d-yellan deg wawalen uddisen. Tamezwarut, uddisen iwalnuten s waṭas am yiḥerfiyen, s yin akin iberdan n usnulfu mgaraden.
Γef aya, nezmer ad nebder imedyaten n kra n yiwalnuten uddisen d-yettusnulfan deg yiseggasen n 1990 (Mammeri M., 1990) d (Boudris B., 1993), akken t-id skanen yirman-a: « tasnilest », « tasnalest », « tasnarrayt », « tasnamka », artg. Iwalnuten uddisen-a ɣur-sen akk asɣim i ten-yesdaklen: « tassna, » ← « tussna, », anamek-is ɣef tneɣruft n tutlayin tigrigiyin-tilatiniyin iseqdacen irem « logos » iwimi fkan agdazal deg tmaziɣt « tussna » deg waṭas n yisakaten. S wawal niḍen, qqaren-asen udissen ussnanen s ureṣṣi n tekti ar tɣerma tagrigit.
Ma yella neɛreḍ ad nesleḍ uddis « tasnamka » d-yellan agdazal deg tefransist i yirem « sémantique ». « tasnamka » i wesmekti kan, - d awal yettusemres di teɣmert n tutlayt d yedles n tmaziɣt n Bgayet – deg unamek tasnamkawalt. Aḥric-a n tɣuri semman-as akka, ma d tamuɣli-nneɣ, nesteqsay ma yewwi-d lḥal dakken awalnut-a yettusemres akken ur ilaq ara? Acku, deg tmuɣli n tussna tussnant, awalnut-a degs ugur d ameqqran, anect-a deg tama. Deg tama niḍen nesteqsay ma yella nezmer ad sen-semmi i yirem-a « tasnamkawalt »? Yettusalɣen ɣef yiris n kraḍ wawalen: « tassna », « anamek » d (w) « awal ».
Maca, ma neqbel asilleɣ-a – ara yili s tidet d asnulfu awalnut – n yirem tasnamkawalt ur d-yettili ara d ugur ussnan n tussna, ma yella daɣen ur d-yettawi ara ara makes neɣ amsulles? Irem-a d asnamka n wawalen (lexico-sémantique) neɣ d awalen n usnamek (sémantique lexicale)?
D acu kan, ma yella neɛlem dakken di tmaziɣt (taqbaylit) aẓlay ur d-yettas ara am akken ara d-yas deg tutlayt n tefransist. Γef akken nettwali, amyezwer n weẓlay yettili-d meqlubi; d ayemi i d-nenna iwsawen belli asilleɣ-a d ugur ussnan. Ar taggara, yewwi-d ad nefk tamawt d asmekti dakken aḥric yeɛnan asɣari n unamek deg teɣmert n tmaziɣt n Bgayet, mazal qqaren-as tasnamka (lexico-sémantique).
S wakka, zeddi n wuddis awalnut ad yili s tixuṭert tameqqrant ma yella webrid d-wwin wid neɣ tid yettuwelleh ar tegtawalt. Akken d-yenna (Mejri S.,: 2013/3: 29-30)
« d agtawal myal tayunt tamawalant yettusalɣen ma yella ulac s sin wawalen, lmaɛna-s snat tayunin timawalanin i zemren ad ilint anda niḍen d tiymanin ».
D tumant azal i usbak n tayunin s daxel unagraw n tutlayt d ayen ara ad yawin tadamsa n wawalen di taggara. Syin, yerna-d umyaru-a ar sdat
« […] yeddal akk tisekta n tutlayt: Amawal, taseddast, tasnamka, tangawt, artg. Asbak, melba ccek d tigit tamawalant: yettgensis gar tliwa n usilleɣ amawalanan ».
S tekti niḍen, asbak yettanef mači kan i tulsa usexdem n tayunin tayenawalant, maca daɣen asnulfu n tayunin tumrayin.
Γas ahat ar tura awalnut amawalan n tmaziɣt yella-d d asqecmaḥ ar kra n yimeskaren i yettwellihen anadi deg webrid n usizdeg n tutlayt, abeɛda, ireṭṭalen tyeččuren, ihi ur yelli kra n yeswi ala azmulan (Ameur M., 2012: 3). D ayemi i ilaq ad nefren taɣulin ideg neḥwağ ugar i waken ad ndel lixsas deg weḥric n umawal.
Tutlayt n tmaziɣt teḥwağ ass-a ad sitrer asartu amawalan ma yella tebɣa ad teddu d wemhaz n tmetti. Ar ass-a deg wussan, asartu n wawalen iwalnuten (Mammeri M. 1990, Boudris B. 1993, Mahrazi M. 2017, artg.) d-yettusnulfan ur watan ara akken ma llan, rnu ur ten-yeqbil ara weɣref, d ayen i tyeğğan ad iruḥ ar useqdec ireṭṭalen, aya seg tama. Seg tama niḍen, iwalnuten uddisen llan-d kan deg semmiyen ussnanen d-yettusbedɛen ɛlaḥsab n tneɣruft tagrigit-talatinit. Abrid-a ur yelli ara d ayla n tmaziɣt kan, maca d asaka n wakk tutlayin tuzzigin.
Tugna d-takken iwalnuten uddisen deg tmaziɣt d-yettufarsen iseggasen-a ineggura yettusebgen s temeẓri tafarasant, akken t-id skanen imedyaten-a: « tassnawya » (typologie), « taẓerɣessit » (structuralisme), « tasemimdant » (anthroponymie), « tasniremt » (terminologie), « aẓerglem » (descriptivisme); « takussna » (encyclopédie), « amegdazal » (équivalence), artg.
Asnulfu n yiwalnuten uddisen yettwasker-d s wefran n yiwen umeẓlay am: yirem eg iwimi nerna irem niḍen imeẓli azal iwakken ad nesilleɣ awalnut: amegazal. D agi, anamek n umselɣu yemmal-d tilawt niḍen ur nelli ara d tin i sɛan yirman di tazwara.
Ma d lixṣas akked tucḍiwin ɣef swir asnilsan d waɣefasnilsan, anect-a isebgan-d dakken yewwi-d ad neg addad ɣef anida tewweḍ ass-a tesniremt n tmaziɣt s umata d yiwalnuten uddisen s webrid unfil. Akkin i tmamakt n wamek d temug twalnut n tmaziɣt d wuguren d-yettmagar yimeɣri di taluft-a, llant-d aṭas n talɣiwin timawalanin ur nettwabna ara akken iwata, nezmer ad nini d tirsaḍufin.
Tiwlacin n tsuddut tunṣibt ara d-isdaklen akk tikta d-tawin yinadiyen deg taɣult n tesniremt isawweḍ-aɣ ass-a nettaf-d iman-nneɣ sdat n waṭas n tmiḍranin n usemmi illan ugar n sin neɣ kraḍ n yismawen iwalnuten i yiwet n tilawt. Imedyaten-a d inigiyen i taluft yecban ta: Asemmi i kra n tmiḍranin n tesnilest n tmaziɣt am: Tesnasɣalt akked tesnazmult6 (tigi, anamek-nsent yettusakez deg tussna n yezmulen). Γur-neɣ daɣen sin iwalnuten niḍen am: Takusnayt akked tsannayt7. Dɣa dagi i tuḍen icc-is, anwa irem ara neṭṭef anwa ara neğğ? Anwa i yettwaqbalen seg-sen? Asegzawal n tefransist Larousse d-yessasnen awal Encyclopédie / Takussnayt neɣ tassanyt: « 1- d adlis ideg d-nesummur tagruma n tussniwin timaḍalin (takussnayt/tassanyt tamatut) neɣ d tuzzigt i kra n taɣult n tussna (takussnayt/tassanayt tuzzigt). 2- Deg usegzawal akussnay/assanay uzzig, amhaz d-yesenkaden isallen yettuɣessan ɣef tmiḍrant d-yemugen d tikcemt ». Tamuɣli-nneɣ, d irem takussnayt i zemren ad yili d agdazal n win tefransist. Ma d irem tassanayt ad iliq i kra n taɣult ara yilin d tuzzigt nezzeh.
Taggrayt
Ar taggara n umagrad-a, i tamawt kan tamiḍrant n usuddes d abrid niḍen n usilleɣ n umawal d-yewwi ad snefk azal am usuddem. Acku, yezmer ad yurar tamlilt iwatan deg useggem asnilsan di tmaziɣt s umata akked d umawal swudem unfil.
Asuddes awalnut s tidet yella-d ass-a di tmaziɣt, acku aṭas n yimawalen i d-yettufarsen iseggas-a ineggura, d ayen iwimi i nger tamawt (Mammeri, Boudris, Mahrazi, artg.) yettaken azal i usuddes awalnut, abeɛda deg taɣult n tussna. D acu kan, yewwi-d ad tili tɣimit i wayen d-yeffɣen d-iwalnuten uddisen akken ad tusɣreblen. Anect-a d ayen ara d-yefrun uguren n usemnenni n tmiḍranin i yiwet n tilawt. Rnu ar wanect-a, amer teddukel tmuɣli n tmura n tmazɣa ahat ad siwḍent ad kksent uguren yecban wigi, akken ad tili yiwet n tsertit n useggem asnilsan.
Ilmend n waya, ilaq ad temmag yiwet n terkawelt8 ɣef ddema ara isdaklen timura n tefriqt ugafa deg yiwet tsertit n useggem asnilsan, ara yilin d ṭmana i tutlayt n tmaziɣt di temnaṭ n tefriqt ugafa. Tirmi n Tmurt n Quebec di Canada i d-yewwi ad neḍfer, acku d tinigit yufraren, rnu tesaweḍ ad teḥrez tutlayt n tefransist din.
Ass-a awal n tmaziɣt (taqbaylit), abeɛda win yeqqnen ar usuddes awalnut, yuklal ad s-nefk azal deg usilleɣ n wawalen uddisen. Asnulfu n waṭas n tmiḍranin ideg gten wid yettrajun tifrat i tugget n tegnaten izgan ttuɛelqent tlufa. Aya, ahat ara t-yeğğen ur tettruḥu ara ar tutlayin niḍen am ureṭṭal. Iswi yecban wa, yeqqen ahat ar tulya n yisaramen n unadi di tesdawiyin di tmurt-nneɣ.