Agzul

Deg umagrad-a, newwi-d awal ɣef tesniremt tuzzigt n yisental n yikayaden n lbak n tamaziɣt i yettwasɛeddan seg 2008 ɣer 2021 di Lezzayer, s userwes gar yisental n teqbaylit d wid n tcawit. Deg uḥric n teẓri, newwi-d awal ɣef tesniremt d yiɣerbazen-is, imi tazrawt-nneɣ teqqen ɣer taɣult-a n tussna. Sakin, neglem-d tisnirmin tisnetlanin i ilan assaɣ d uselmed n tutlayt tamaziɣt. Ssin ɣur-s, deg uḥric n usnas, newwet ad d-nekkes acali asnirman i yellan gar usentel n teqbaylit d win n tcawit. Dɣa, aya d ayen ara aɣ-yeǧǧen ad d-nessuffeɣ s ttawil n yikayaden n lbak kra n yirman i yeẓẓan deg uselmed n tmaziɣt. Γer taggara, nemmeslay-d ɣef wassaɣ i yellan gar yirman n tesnirmin tisnetlanin – neɣ imawalen uzzigen – i d-yeffɣen s wallalen n usiẓreg d yirman i yettuseqdacen deg yikayaden n lbak n tmaziɣt akken ad nẓer ansi i d-kkan.

Awalen-tisura

Tasniremt, uẓu asnirman, akayad n lbak, taqbaylit, tacawit.

Tazwart

Segmi i tekcem tmaziɣt ɣer uɣerbaz azzayri deg useggas n 1995, seld mi d-yella wayen i wumi qqaren “aɣunzu n ukerṭabl” deg useggas aɣurbiz 1994/1995, d nettat teqqim kan akken ur d-yettili ara usɛeddi-ines deg yikayaden unṣiben n taggara n useggas. Aselmed n tmaziɣt, deg tazwara-s, yella-d s lmendad n yiselmaden ur nesɛi ara asileɣ uzzig – neɣ agerdas – deg tutlayt tamaziɣt. Dɣa, ɣas akken win yekkren ad yuɣal d aselmad n tutlayt-a – ula d imaswaḍen ara yessilɣen iselmaden xuṣṣen1 –, ulac aṭas n yiselmaden rnu drus n yinelmaden i tt-yeqqaren. Deg tallit-a, aselmad n tmaziɣt yegra-d d yinelmaden-is deg tzeqqa sdat n waṭas n wuguren, gar-asen : ugur n tesniremt tuzzigt.

Deg useggas n 2008, mi d-yella ubeddel deg wahil n usegmi sɣur imḍebbren n tmurt n Lezzayer, yettwasuddes-d i tikkelt tamenzut ukayad n lbak s tutlayt tamaziɣt ɣef tanga n uselmed n tutlayt n tmaziɣt. Sya i d-yeqqel lewhi ɣer tesniremt ara yettusxedmen i uselmed d wamek i ilaq ad tili gar yiselmaden d yinelmaden i yerza uselmed d ulmad n tmaziɣt s tmaziɣt. S wawalen-nniḍen, qrib tura 30 d aseggas segmi i tebda tirmit n uselmed n tutlayt tamaziɣt, qrib 15 d aseggas segmi i tekcem ɣer ukayad n lbak, wissen amek i tga, ass-a, tutlayt tuzzigt n uselmed n tmaziɣt ? D tiririt ɣef usteqsi-ya i d aɣbel n tezrawt-a

Deg ubrid n unadi ɣef tririt, nerfed tikti n userwes gar yirman uzzigen n sin yimcalayen n tmaziɣt: taqbaylit d tcawit. Akken neẓra, asentel n ukayad n lbak n tmaziɣt yettili-d s 3 n yimcalayen: taqbaylit, tacawit d tmahaq. Ar deqqal, s uxeddim-a-nneɣ, ad nnadi ɣef usuffeɣ n tmuɣli tamatut ɣef tutlayt tuzzigt i yettuseqdacen deg yisental n sin yimcalayen-nni imezwura akken ad nẓer amhaz-is d wamek i tedda ɣer zdat.

Tazrawt-a ihi tebḍa ɣef sin n yixfawen: tiẓri d usnas. Deg yixef amezwaru, ad d-nawi awal ɣef waddayen n teẓri n tesniremt d terrayin-is; ad d-neglem daɣ tisnirmin tisnetlanin, i ilan assaɣ d uselmed n tutlayt, i d-yeffɣen s tmaziɣt. Deg yixef wis sin, ad nekcem ɣer tesleḍt tasnirmant n yirman uzzigen i d-nugem seg yisental n yikayaden n lbak seg useggas n 2008 ar 2021.

1. Tiẓriyin d yiberdan ussnanen n tesniremt 

Send ad nekcem ɣer wul n tezrawt-a-nneɣ ara d-yilin d aserwes gar yirman n teqbaylit d wid n tcawit, i yettusqedcen i usebded n yisteqsiyen n yisental n yikayaden n lbak – i d-yettunefken i yinelmaden n useggas wis 3 n tesnawit gar yiseggasen n 2008 d 2021 –, yewwi-d fell-aɣ ad d-nawi awal, s tewzel, ɣef kra n waddayen n teẓri i ɣef tres tesniremt; ɣef yiɣerbazen-is i yemgaraden deg tmuɣliwin d terrayin n usnas; ad newwet ad d-nesbadu d acu i d irem. Dɣa, d ayen ara d-nesken deg uzwel-a amezwaru ara d-yinin ɣef waniwa ajgu n teẓri, deg wayen i yerzan taɣult n tesniremt s wudem amatu, i nessers tiktiwin-nneɣ.

Segmi i d-tlul tussna n yirman, s unamek-is atrar, deg useggas n 1930 – s tezrawt n ddukṭura i yessuli Wüster (Rondeau, 1984: 6) – ɣer wass-a, tedda-d abrid ɣezzifen, ama deg waddayen-is n teẓri; deg terrayin-is n usnas; deg yiswan i ɣer tettnadi ad taweḍ, atg. Ad newwet ad d-nemmeslay, s tewzel, ɣef yineggura-ya akken ad nẓer ma yella ad nizmir ad nessiweḍ ad d-naf anida ara nessers tasniremt tamaziɣt.

Deg wayen i yerzan addayen n teẓri, Humbley (1994: 161) yemmeslay-d ɣef sin n yiɣerbazen igejdanen n tesniremt i yemgaraden deg tmuɣli, deg kra n tlufa i yerzan tiẓri d usnas: aɣerbaz n Vienne mgal aɣerbaz n Prague d Québec. Akken ad d-yessegzi tamgirda i yellan gar sin n yiɣerbazen-a, yebder-d Humbley (1994: 160) tasleḍt i yexdem Laurén. Ɣur-s tasniremt n uɣerbaz n Vienne d tussna i wumi fkan udem agtaɣulan, imi tasnilest d yiwet n tussna gar tussniwin-nniḍen – neɣ d afurek gar yifurkan – i yellan deg tesniremt. Ɣur-s daɣen, tasniremt n Wüster d wid i tt-yeṭṭafaren, ɣur-s yiwet n tmuɣli tagraɣlant, imi iswi-s d asmagnu n wayen i d-snulfuyen ijenyuṛen deg taɣulin-nsen, i usifses n teywalt tussnant gar-asen, anida i bɣun ilin deg umaḍal. Ma yella ɣer uɣerbaz n Prague d Québec, tasniremt d amur seg wamuren i tla tesnilest, rnu d taɣelnawt. Iswi n tesniremt n uɣerbaz n Québec d asmagnu utlayan n tefṛansist deg Canada; iswi n tesniremt n win n Prague d asmagnu n tutlayt tačikit i wakken ad tizmir i taɣulin tatrarin n tussna; ad d-tekkes amkan-is gar tutlayin-nniḍen.

Cabré (1998: 37-39) seg tama-s, s usenned n tekti-s ɣef wayen i yexdem Auger, tebḍa tarrayin i yettuseqdacen deg taɣult n tesniremt ɣef 3 n yiberdan igejdanen i ttaṭṭafen yimazzagen n tussna-ya. Ɣur-s, tarrayt tamezwarut, i wumi tsemma tarrayt tasnilsant-tasnirmant, teṭṭafar tiẓri n Wüster. Iswi-s d asmagnu n tnaktiwin d yirman i usifses n teywalt tussnant gar yimassanen n kra n taɣult tuzzigt. Tarrayt tis snat, i wumi tsemma, tasniremt n usuqqel, tennerna deg tmura i deg llan yimsiwal n tefṛansist. Iswi-s d asebded n yigdazalen s tutlayt B i yirman i d-yennulfan s tutlayt A. Tarrayt taneggarut, i wumi tsemma tarrayt n useggem utlayan, tlul-d seg yisenfaren i d-ssulint kra n tmura, am Québec, i usnerni n kra n tutlayt tadersant i ɣemrent tutlayin-nniḍen tineɣmarin deg wakal-is.

Deg yiseggasen-a ineggura, ddeqs n yimnadiyen, deg taɣult n tesniremt, i d-yewwten deg tarrayin n tesniremt n Wüster, i yettwalin irman d tayunin ur nesɛi ara imegdawalen – ma nra ad d-nebder ala attwel-a – s usebded n terrayin d tmuɣliwin timaynutin i tesniremt. Gar yimassanen i d-yefkan tineggura-ya, nezmer ad d-nebder Rousseau (2013: 45-59) d Cabré (2013: 133-168), deg yimagraden i d-uran deg udlis amegru Dans tous les sens du terme i d-yeffɣen ddaw ufus n Quirion, Depecker d Rousseau: tasnirmettit n Gaudin, tasnirmettit tamusnant n Temmerman, tamuɣli taywalant n tesniremt i d-teglem Cabré d tesniremt tadelsant n Diki-Kidiri.

Seg tama n yimnadiyen n tesniremt tamaziɣt, yemmeslay-d Amaoui (2015: 322-336) ɣef waddad i deg tella tesniremt tamaziɣt, d waniwa abrid n tesnarrayt i d-tewwi. Ɣur-s, d win n useggem utlayan d tsuqqilt i d-tewwi, ɣas ur d-yekki ara seg yisudduyen unṣiben n uwanek.

Tazrawt-nneɣ, nekni, nesbedd-itt ɣef tarrayin-a n tesniremt:

• Tasniremt n useggem utlayan n uɣerbaz n Québec: nra ad nwali ma yella ucali, neɣ ulac, gar yirman n teqbaylit d wid n tcawit;

• Tasnirmettit n Gaudin: nebɣa ad nwali aniwi irman i yeẓẓan deg uselmed n tmaziɣt, s wudem amatu, ladɣa deg yikayaden n lbak;

• Tasniremt taywalant n Cabré: nra ad nwali s wanita tasniremt i d-tettili teywalt gar wid i d-yessebdaden isental n yikayaden n lbak d yinelmaden i t-yesɛeddayen.

2.Tisnirmin tisnetlanin i ilan assaɣ d yisental n ukayad n lbak n tmaziɣt

Awal ad yezzi, deg uzwel-a wis sin, ɣef yimawalen uzzigen – neɣ tisnirmin tisnetlanin – n tmaziɣt i yesɛan assaɣ d usentel n umagrad-a-nneɣ. Asebded n yisteqsiyen n yikayaden n lbak n tmaziɣt, s yimcalayen n tmaziɣt, yuser asexdem n tesnirmin n taɣulin i yemgaraden i usuddes n yinaw aɣefmeslay ara yegzu unelmad. Send ad nekcem ɣer tesleḍt-nneɣ, ara d-yilin deg uzwel wis 3, yewwi-d ad d-nesmekti, s tewzel, d acu i wumi neqqar tasniremt tasnetlant ; ad d-nebder daɣen imawalen, i ilan assaɣ d uselmed n tutlayt, i d-yeffɣen s wallalen n usiẓreg.

Ma neḍfer tikti n Rondeau (1984 : 69), tasniremt tasnetlant d agraw n yirman uzzigen – neɣ d umuɣ n yirman i ilan tilisa – i tezdi yiwet n taɣult, yiwet n ttiknikt, yiwet n tussna, yiwet n tẓuri, atg. S tsuqqilt n wawalen s wacu i d-yeglem tasniremt tasnetlant d yiswi-s : « Iswi n tesniremt tasnetlant d asebded n yirman akk yeqqnen ɣer yiwet n taɣult, s timmad-nsen ma yella wamek (...), ama deg yiwet n tutlayt neɣ gar snat n tutlayin neɣ ugar. »

« La recherche terminologique thématique a pour but d’établir, de façon plus ou moins exhaustive (...), l’ensemble des termes (...) rattachés à un domaine (...), soit à l’intérieur d’une même langue, soit par rapport à deux ou plusieurs langues. »

Ur d-nettawi ara awal ɣef terrayin n usebded n tesnirmin tisnetlanin i d-yeglem Rondeau (1984), ad nɛeddi srid ɣer uglam, s talɣa tawezzlant, n tesnirmin tisnetlanin – i ilan assaɣ d uselmed n tutlayt – i d-yeffɣen, s wallal n usiẓreg, s tmaziɣt. Dɣa, ɣer tneggura-ya ara nesserwes irman i d-negmer, seg yisteqsiyen n yikayaden n lbak, deg uzwel wis 3.3 n tezrawt-nneɣ akken ad nwali ma yella seg yimawalen-a uzzigen i d-ttwakksen yirman-nni neɣ ala.

1. Tajeṛṛumt n tmaziɣt n Mouloud Mammeri : Adlis amezwaru i ilan irman n yiwet n taɣult tuzzigt d win i d-yessuffeɣ Mouloud Mammeri ɣer taggara n yiseggasen n 1970 : Tajeṛṛumt n tmaziɣt (Tantala taqbaylit)2 Deg-s, azal n 176 n yirman uzzigen i d-yettwasnulfan i uglam n tjeṛṛumt n teqbaylit, s teqbaylit : 151 n yirman deg wumuɣ-nni asintlay tamaziɣt-tafṛansist ; 13 n yirman deg ulɣu ; 12 n yirman deg uḍris (Achab, 2014 : 17).
   Deg tezrawt i yexdem Amaoui i udlis-a amezwaru i d-yewwin ɣef tjeṛṛumt n tmaziɣt s teqbaylit – ma nekkes win i d-yessuffeɣ Saïd Hanouz deg useggas n 1968 (Amaoui, 2015) – yessuffeɣ-d 299 n yirman uzzigen i yettwasqedcen deg wayen i wumi isemma, s ubdar n Rey-Debove, « amawal aɣefmeslayan ». Ma yella d ayen i yerzan « tasniremt n tjeṛṛumt » s timmad-is, yufa-d 239 n yirman (Amaoui, 2021 : 88).

2. Amawal n tmaziɣt tatrart3 n Mouloud Mammeri : Amawal n tmaziɣt tatrart d tasniremt i d-yessebded Mouloud Mammeri, d kra n yimnadiyen-nniḍen, gar yiseggasen n 1972 d 1974 (Achab, 2013 : 116). Deg-s azal n 1941 (Ibid. : 127) n yiwalnuten i d-yettunefken d igdazalen i yirman n tutlayt tafṛansist. Akken i d-yenna Amaoui (2015 : 325), amawal n tmaziɣt tatrart d adlis i deg llant ddeqs n taɣulin i yemgaraden, gar-asent : tafizikt, tasensertit, tusnakt, tajeṛṛumt, atg. Ɣas ur yelli ara d tasniremt tasnetlant am tiyaḍ, yeqqim umawal-a d azamul, deg wayen i yerzan tarrayin n usebded n yirman, i yiqeddicen i d-yeffɣen deffir-s.

3. Amawal n tesnilest4 n Abdelaziz Berkaï : Adlis-a n yirman uzzigen i d-yeffɣen ɣer teẓrigin Achab deg useggas n 2009 d umuɣ n taynunin tisnirmanin i yerzan taɣult n tesnilest. Deg-s nnig n 2000 n yirman i yegdan deg wazal asnamkan s tlata n tutlayin i yemgaraden : tafṛansist, taneglizit d tmaziɣt. Yessaweḍ umeskar n tesniremt-a tasnetlant ad d-yesnulfu agdazal, s tmaziɣt, i yal irem i d-yennulfan s tutlayt tafṛansist s usexdem n kra n terrayin n tesnulfawalt i yellan d timaynutin i tutlayt n tmaziɣt. Tineggura-ya, yeglem-itent-id s telqey deg sin n yimagraden i d-yura ɣef ccɣel-a (ẓr. Berkaï, 2007, 2011, Bounfour et al., 2009 : 33-52).

4. Amawal n tjeṛṛumt5 n Usudu Ageldan n Yidles Amaziɣ (IRCAM) (ddaw n ufus n Boumalk d Nait-Zerrad) : Amawal n tjeṛṛumt d adlis i d-yessaẓreg Usudu Ageldan n Yidles Amaziɣ6 deg tmurt n Meṛṛuk, deg useggas n 2009. Asebded n tesniremt-a d lɣella n tdukli gar yimnadiyen n Usudu Aɣelnaw n Tutlayin d Tɣermiwin n Usammar7 akked wid n Usudu Ageldan n Yidles Amaziɣ. Deg-s 352 n yirman uzzigen n taɣult tanjeṛṛumt i d-sbedden s rebɛa n tutlayin yemgaraden : tafṛansist, tamaziɣt, taneglizit, taɛrabt (Boumalk & Naït-Zerrad (ddaw n ufus n.), 2009 : 12).

5. Asegzawal ameẓẓyan n tsekla n Mohand Akli Salhi : Adlis-a aseknirman i d-yessuffeɣ Mohand Akli Salhi deg useggas n 2009 – d useggas 2017 i tikkelt tis snat – d tasniremt tasnetlant n taɣult n tsekla. Deg-s, « 938 » n yirman uzzigen i wumi yessebded tibadutin tiseknawalin i usegzi-nsen d usbadu-nsen (Salhi, 2012 : 117). Akken i t-id-yenna netta yakan deg umagrad i d-yura ɣef terrayin i yessexdem deg usali n tesniremt-a (Salhi, 2010 : 169). Iswi-s d asnulfu n yirman i uselmed n tsekla tamaziɣt, seg uɣerbaz alemmas ɣer tesdawit. Deg tezrawt-a-nneɣ, ad nesseqdec imagraden i d-yura Salhi ɣef yirman n tsekla (ẓr. Salhi, 2010a ; 2010b, 2012).

6. Amawal n tesnalmudt d tussniwin n umeslay n Mohand Mahrazi : Tasniremt-a tasintlayt n Mohand Mahrazi tla 1600 n yirman uzzigen i d-yewwin ɣef taɣult n tesnalmudt d tussniwin n umeslay s wudem amatu, s snat n tutlayin : tafṛansist d tmaziɣt. Deg tezwart n udlis-a (Mahrazi, 2013 : 7), yebder-d, umeskar-is, tadɣulin i ɣer ttekkin yirman i d-yesnulfa, gar-asent : tamsiselt-tasnimeslit, tasnawalt, tasnamka, tasnilesmetti, atg.

7. Asegzawal ameẓẓyan n tesnilest n Azedine Idir, Mehdi Yahiaoui d Nacer Mehdi : Adlis-a aseknirman yerza irman n taɣult n tesnilest. Ineggura-ya, d wid i sseqdacen yiselmaden n tesnilest, n tesdawit n Bgayet, deg ukala n taywalt i d-yettilin gar-asen d yinelmaden-nsen. Deg tesniremt-a, llan 90 n yirman uzzigen i d-yettwasnulfan i usemmi n tnaktiyin tisnilsanin n tadɣulin-a am unagraw n umyag d yisem, tasnamka, taseknawalt, atg., s tikci n tbadutin-nsent. Akken i t-id-uran deg tezwert n usegzawal-a (IYM, 2020 : 16), adlis-a n yirman rnu-t ɣer win i d-yessuffeɣ Mohand Akli Salhi (ẓr. Azwel wis 2.5) i taɣult n tsekla.

3. Tasleḍt tasnirmant n tayunin tinmawalin n yisental n lbak n tmaziɣt

Deg uzwel-a, ad newwet ad nesleḍ irman i yettusqedcen deg yisteqsiyen i d-ttaken, wid i d-yessebdaden isental-nni, i yinelmaden n tmaziɣt deg ukayad n lbak, yal aseggas, seg 2008 ar 2021. Deg tesleḍt-a tasnirmant, ad d-nessuffeɣ irman – neɣ iremnuten – i yettusexdamen deg usebded n yisteqsiyen i d-yettawin ɣef tutlayt n tmaziɣt. Dɣa, yelha ma nesmekta-t-id, taɣessa n usentel n ukayad n tmaziɣt deg lbak am tin n yisental n tutlayin-nniḍen. Deg-s 3 n yiswiren i ɣef d-ttilin yisteqsiyen : isteqsiyen ɣef uḍris, isteqsiyen ɣef tjeṛṛumt n tutlayt d yisteqsiyen ɣef ufares n kra n uḍris. Deg uheyyi n tesleḍt-nneɣ, nekka-d ɣef yisental n lbak, yiwen yiwen ; awal awal, akken ad neɛqel yal irem uzzig i yettusxedmen deg usatal n tikci n yisteqsiyen i yinelmaden n useggas wis 3 n tesnawit.

S usiḍen d tesleḍt i nexdem i yal asentel i d-yeffɣen seg useggas n 2008 ar 2021, nufa-d ttusqedcen 326 n yirman deg usentel n teqbaylit d 323 n yirman deg usentel n tcawit. Amḍan-a i d-nessuffeɣ d umuɣ amatu n yirman i yettusxedmen deg yal taẓrigt n lbak – yal taẓrigt deg-s sin n yisental. Deg wumuɣ-a amatu, nsedda-d irman i d-yettuɣalen yal aseggas – dacu kan ur d-nseddi ara irman i d-yettuɣalen deg yisental n yiwet n teẓrigt – akken ad nesleḍ, ad nektazel acali d usmeskel gar teqbaylit d tcawit, d wamek i iga (ẓr. Azwel 3.1) ; ad nwali daɣen aniwi irman i yeẓẓan deg usatal n uselmed n tmaziɣt d waniwi ur yeddin ara aṭas (ẓr. Azwel 3.2). Lḥasun, mi nekkes irman i d-yettuɣalen deg wumuɣ-nni amezwaru n 326 n yirman deg tama n teqbaylit d 323 n yirman deg tama n tcawit, deg yal taẓrigt, nessaweḍ ad d-nessuffeɣ 115 n tayunin tisnirmanin deg yisental n lbak n ulqem ( ?) n tutlayt taqbaylit ; 112 n yirman deg yisental n ulqem n tutlayt tacawit. Irman-a, ama deg teqbaylit neɣ deg tcawit, ṭṭafaren 3 n taɣulin tigejdanin : tajeṛṛumt (tasnilest) (51 %) ; tasekla (28 %) ; tasnalmudt (15 %) (ẓr. Azenziɣ 1).

Azenziɣ 1

3.1. Aserwes gar yirman n ukayad n teqbaylit d win n tcawit

Deg tazwara, akken i d-nesken deg uzwel i yezrin, mi i d-nessuffeɣ irman i yettusqedcen deg yisental n yal tameslayt, nufa-d agmuḍ n tayunin tisnirmanin i yemgaraden : 112 n yirman deg tcawit d 115 n yirman deg teqbaylit. Tamgirda-ya tamezwarut tesban-d llan yirman – 3 n yirman – n teqbaylit i wumi ur d-fkin ara igdazalen s tcawit (ẓr. Tafelwit 1). Nnig n waya, mi nesleḍ umuɣ-nni n 326 n yirman, nufa-d 294 seg-sen i deg ulac acali gar teqbaylit d tcawit : d irman i yettusqedcen deg teqbaylit i yettusqedcen deg tcawit. Seg tama-nniḍen, nessaweḍ ad d-naf 3 n yiswiren-nniḍen – 4 n taggayin n ucali ma nerna tin i d-nebder deg tseddart-a ufella – i deg yella ucali gar yirman n teqbaylit d wid n tcawit. Iswiren-nni n ucali, nsemma-yasen s tesniremt-a :

• Acali asnirman (6 n yirman) (ẓr. Tafelwit 2) ;

• Acali deg tirawalt (5 n yirman) (ẓr. Tafelwit 3) ;

• Asemres n tmegdawalt i usegzi n yirem i yettusqedcen (7 n yirman) (ẓr. Tafelwit 4).

Tafelwit 1^ut : irman ur nli ara igdazalen deg tcawit

Irem s teqbaylit	Irem s tcawit	Taɣult n yirem	Taẓrigt n lbak
Taluft	/	Tasekla	2012
Isegran n tefyirt	/	Tajeṛṛumt	2013
Tiwuriwin n wawalen	/	Tajeṛṛumt	2012, 2015

Awennet n tfelwit 1^ut

Deg taggayt-a tamezwarut, nessers irman i wumi ur d-nufi ara igdazalen deg tcawit. S wawalen-nniḍen, wid i d-ixedmen isental n yikayaden, sxedmen tarrayt i yemgaraden deg lebni n usteqsi s tcawit :

• Udus asnirman « Isegran n tefyirt » yettuseqdec tikkelt kan deg usentel n teqbaylit, deg teẓrigt n 2013. Deg tcawit, fkan-d agdazal-is s tukksa n Isegran i usifses n usteqsi.

• Irem « Taluft » ur yesɛi ara agdazal deg tcawit, deg usentel n lbak n teẓrigt n 2012. Deg teẓrigin n 2010, 2011, 2012, 2014, 2016, 2019, 2020 d 2021 yesɛa agdazal.

• Udus asnirman « Tiwuriwin n wawalen » yettuseqdec deg usentel n teqbaylit, deg teẓrigin n 2012 d 2015. Deg tcawit ulac agdazal-is.

Tafelwit tis 2 : acali asnirman gar teqbaylit d tcawit

Irem s teqbaylit	Irem s tcawit	Taɣult n yirem	Taẓrigt n lbak
Aknaw	Iken	Tajeṛṛumt	2010
Tinawt	Inaw	Tasnilest/ Tasekla	2010
Tizza n wullis	Ullis	Tasekla	2010
Irwasen	Akniwen	Tajeṛṛumt	2011
Unti	Tawtemt	Tajeṛṛumt	2014
Aḍris amullis	Aḍris ullis	Tasekla	2021

Awennet n tfelwit tis 2

Deg taggayt-a tis snat, nessers-d irman i yettbeddilen seg usentel aqbayli ɣer usentel acawi. S wawalen-nniḍen, wid i d-yessebdaden isteqsiyen n yikayaden n lbak, ssexdamen irman i yemgaraden, gar teqbaylit d tcawit, akken ad d-inin yiwet n tɣawsa :

• Irem « Aḍris amullis » yettuseqdec deg teẓrigt n 2021, deg usentel n teqbaylit kan. Wama deg teẓrigin i yezrin d tayunt « Aḍris ullis » i yettusmersen ama deg teqbaylit, ama deg tcawit. Ma nra ad d-nessegzi amaynut i yellan deg yirem-a d wamek i d-yeḍra s yiwet n tefyirt : d asileɣ n urbib seg urbib s tmerna n uskim « am- » ɣef uskim « u-i ».

• Irem « Aknaw » ila ddeqs n yirman-nniḍen i yettusexdamen deg umkan-is, gar-asen : « Iken, Arwas » (ẓr. tafelwit tis 4).

• Irem « Tinawt » yettusexdem s talɣa n umalay deg teẓrigt n 2010 deg tcawit. Deg teẓrigin-nniḍen d talɣa n wunti i yettusqedcen ama deg teqbaylit, ama deg tcawit.

• Udus asnirman « Tizza n wullis » yettuseqdec tikkelt kan deg teẓrigt n 2010. Deg tiyaḍ, d irem « Ullis » i yeṭṭfen amkan-is.

• Tamgirda i yellan gar yirman « Unti » d « Tawtemt » teḍra-d tikkelt kan deg teẓrigt n 2014. Syin d afella, d irem « Unti » i yettuseqdacen ama deg tcawit, ama deg teqbaylit.

Tafelwit tis 3 : acali deg tirawalt gar yirman n teqbaylit d tcawit

Irem s teqbaylit	Irem s tcawit	Taɣult n yirem	Taẓrigt n lbak
Taseddart tis snat	Taseddart tis sent	Tasekla/ Tasnalmudt	2010
Udem wis sin	Udem wis sen	Tajeṛṛumt	2016
Taseddart tis ukuzzet	Taseddart tis ukuzzt	Tasekla/ Tasnalmudt	2016
Ssileɣ	Sileɣ	Tajeṛṛumt	2019
Taseddart tis ukuẓ	Taseddart tis ukuẓẓet	Tasekla/ Tasnalmudt	2019

Awennet n tfelwit tis 3

Deg taggayt-a tis tlata, nra ad d-nesbin tamgirda i d-yettilin deg wayen i yerzan tirawalt. Akken i t-id-nessers deg tfelwit-a ufella, llan kra n yirman i yettwarun s tira i yemgaraden :

• Tussda n « S » n usswaɣ deg tira n yirem « Ssileɣ » deg teqbaylit ; tukksa n tussda n « S » n usswaɣ deg tira-s s tcawit.

• Deg wayen i yerzan imḍanen imagnuyen, yella umgired deg wayen i yerzan tira ama gar teqbaylit d tcawit, ama deg teqbaylit yakan seg teẓrigt ɣer tayeḍ ; ama deg tcawit yakan seg teẓrigt ɣer tayeḍ. Seg tama-nniḍen, deg tira n twilawin « Tis » d « Wis » ulac amgired.

Tafelwit tis 4 : asemres n tmegdawalt i usegzi n yirem i yettusqedcen

Irem s teqbaylit	Amegdawal-is	Irem s tcawit	Amegdawal-is	Taɣult n yirem	Taẓrigt n lbak
Agensay	Asaḍ	Agensay	/	Tasekla	2012
Arwas	Aknaw	Aknaw	/	Tajeṛṛumt	2012
Aknaw	Arwas	Aknaw	/	Tajeṛṛumt	2013
Tisɣunin	Tasɣunt	Tisɣunin	Tasɣunt	Tajeṛṛumt	2014
Ales	/	Ales	Ḥki	Tasekla	2015
Isem n umeskar	Isem n umigaw	Isem n umeskar	/	Tajeṛṛumt	2017
Aktawal	Iger n umawal	Aktawal	/	Tajeṛṛumt	2013, 2017

Awennet n tfelwit tis 4

Deg taggayt-a tis rebɛa, nra ad d-nesken tarrayt i ssexdamen, wid i d-yessebdaden isteqsiyen n yikayaden n lbak n tmaziɣt i usegzi n kra n yirem s yirem-nniḍen. Aneggaru-ya ggaren-t gar tacciwin. Tixxamin-nni i nesbeɣ s yini awraɣ deg tfelwit-a ufella, d irman-nni s i d-ssegzayen irman-nni imezwura ama deg teqbaylit, ama deg tcawit.

• Irem « Agensay » yettwasegza-d s yirem « Asaḍ » deg teqbaylit. Deg tcawit, ur d-yettwasegzi ara s yirem-nniḍen. Asexdem n yirem « Asaḍ » i usegzi n yirem « Agensay » deg umedya-ya ur d-yelli ara s wassaɣ n tmegdawalt. Ahat, sxedmen irem « Asaḍ » i usmekti n unelmad ɣef unamek n yirem « Agensay » imi deg yiwen n uẓeṭṭa asnaktan i llan.

• Irem « Aknaw » yettwasegza-d s yirem « Arwas » deg teqbaylit. Deg tcawit, ur d-yettwasegzi ara s yirem-nniḍen.

• Irem « Aktawal » yettwasegza-d s wudus asnirman « Iger n umawal » deg teqbaylit. Deg tcawit, ur d-yettwasegzi ara s yirem-nniḍen.

• Irem « Ales » ur d-yettwasegzi ara s yirem-nniḍen deg teqbaylit. Deg tcawit, yettwasegza-d s wawal amagnu « Ḥki ».

• Irem « Arwas » yettwasegza-d s yirem « Aknaw » deg teqbaylit. Deg tcawit, ur d-yettwasegzi ara s yirem-nniḍen.

• Udus asnirman « Isem n umeskar » yettwasegza-d s wudus asnirman « Isem n umigaw » deg teqbaylit. Deg tcawit, ur d-yettwasegzi ara s yirem-nniḍen.

• Irem « Tisɣunin » yettunefk-d s talɣa n usget, yiwet n tikkelt kan, yettwasegza-d s umḍan asuf « Tasɣunt ». Dɣa, ur d-yelli ara ucali asnirman s useqdec n tmegdawalt, d aseqdec n talɣa-nniḍen n yirem-nni yakan i d-yellan.

3.2. Irman uzzigen i yeẓẓan deg yisental n yikayaden n lbak

Deg uḥric-a, ad yezzi wawal ɣef yirman i yuɣen amkan deg yisental n yikayaden n lbak, ama deg win n teqbaylit, ama deg win n tcawit. Akken i d-nenna yakan, tasleḍt-nneɣ terza akk ikayaden n tmaziɣt i d-yeffɣen seg useggas n 2008 ar 2021. Ihi, nnig n ugmuḍ i d-nufa deg wayen i yerzan acali i yellan gar yirman n teqbaylit d wid n tcawit, tura ad newwet ad d-nessuffeɣ irman i deg ulac acali d usmeskel ; irman i yettusxedmen s waṭas ; irman uzzigen i yeẓẓan deg usatal n tikci n yisteqsiyen.

Tarrayt i neḍfer deg tezrawt-a, deg ukala n usiḍen d uktili n yirman i d-yettuɣalen s waṭas, am tin i sseqdacen yimnadiyen n taɣult n tektamawalt. Dɣa, nesseqdec yiwen n wallal umḍin n uktili n yirman i wumi semman TermoStat9 Akken i d-nenna yakan, amḍan n yirman i d-nekkes deg teqbaylit d tcawit yemgarad : 326 n yirman deg teqbaylit, 322 n yirman deg tcawit. Deg tesleḍt-a, nger ɣer useɣẓan TermoStat irman-nni n teqbaylit iman-nsen, akken i nexdem daɣen i wid n tcawit i wakken ad d-naf asnagar n yirman i yal tutlayt. Ɣer taggara, seg tama n teqbaylit nufa-d 9 n yirman i d-yuɣalen nnig n 9 n tikkal seg useggas n 2008 ar aseggas n 2021 (ẓr. azenziɣ wis 2 d tfelwit tis 5). Seg tama n tcawit, nufa-d 9 n yirman i d-yuɣalen nnig n 9 n tikkal seg useggas 2008 ar aseggas n 2021 (ẓr. azenziɣ wis 3 d tfelwit tis 6).

Azenziɣ 2

Tafelwit 5

Irem	Amḍan n tuɣalin
Tigzi n uḍris	15
Tafyirt	14
Sleḍ	14
Tadyant	12
Isumar n tefyirt	12
Isestanen	12
Tinawt	10
Tasɣunt	10
Afares s tira	9

Azenziɣ 3

Tafelwit 6

Irem	Amḍan n tuɣalin
Tigzi n uḍris	15
Tafyirt	14
Sleḍ	14
Tadyant	12
Isumar n tefyirt	12
Isestanen	12
Tasɣunt	10
Tinawt	9
Afares s tira	9

Awennet n tfelwit 5 d 6

Ama deg yisental n teqbaylit ama deg wid n tcawit, d udus asnirman « Tigzi n uḍris » i yettusxedmen s waṭas. Dɣa, yuɣal-d deg teẓrigin n lbak akken ma llant. Ar deqqal, ḥaca deg usentel wis sin i d-yettunefken deg 2021 i yettuseqdec wudus asnirman-nniḍen i usemmi n tnakti-ya : « Tigzi n tirawt ».

• Irem « Sleḍ » i d irem wis sin i d-yuɣalen s waṭas deg yisental n teqbaylit d tcawit. Anagar deg teẓrigt n 2010 i ulac-it.

• Irem « Tafyirt » ur d-yuɣal ara deg lbak n 2010. Dɣa, d talɣa-s n usget « Tifyar » i yettusqedcen.

• Irem « Tadyant » ur d-yuɣal ara deg lbak n 2008, 2013 d 2018.

• Udus asnirman « Isumar n tefyirt » ulac-it deg 3 n teẓrigin : tin n 2010 ; deg tin n 2011 ; deg tin n 2013 d udus asnirman « Isegran n tefyirt » i yettuseqdacen deg umkan-is.

• Irem « Isestanen » yuɣal-d 12 n tikkal. Ur yettwaseqdec ara deg 2008, 2009 d 2018. Deg 2018, d irem « Tuttriwin » i d-rran deg umkan-is.

• Irem « Tinawt » ur d-yuɣal ara deg lbak n 2008, 2009, 2013, 2018 d 2019. Acu kan, deg usentel n tcawit n useggas n 2010 d talɣa-s n umalay i yettusqedcen kan.

• Irem « Tasɣunt » ur d-yuɣal ara deg lbak n 2008, 2009, 2011, 2012 d 2016.

• Udus asnirman « Afares s tira » ur yettuseqdec ara deg 6 n teẓrigin timezwura n lbak : 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013. D udus asnirman « Asenfali s tira » i yellan deg umkan-is.

3.3. Irman yettuseqdacen deg lbak vs. irman n tesnirmin tisnetlanin

Send ad nfak tasleḍt-nneɣ d uktili i nga i yirman uzzigen i ssexdamen yiselmaden d yimaswaḍen deg yisental n lbak i ttakken i yinelmaden yal aseggas, yewwi-d fell-aɣ ad ten-nesserwes – yirman-nni – d yirman i d-snulfan yimazzagen n tesnilest. Ineggura-ya, d tisnirmin-nni tisnetlanin i d-neglem deg uḥric wis 2 n umagrad-a. Imi d awezɣi ad nexdem aserwes i yal irem i d-nekkes, yewwi-d fell-aɣ ad nefren irman-nni kan i d-yettuɣalen s waṭas. Ineggura-ya, ad asen-d-nefk igdazalen-nsen, i d-snulfan yimusnirmen, akken ad nwali ma yella umgired gar yirman i sseqdacen yiselmaden d yimaswaḍen n uɣerbaz agejdan d yirman i d-snulfan yiselmaden d yimnadiyen n tesdawit (ẓr. tafelwit tis 7).

Tafelwit 7

Asagem	MSSM	MSB	MJBZ	JM	MMT	SMSIW	SMSS	Agdazal s tefṛansist
Tigzi n uḍris	Tigzi [n] tirawt (sb.30, 233)	Tigzi [n wayen i] yuran (sb.74, 87)	/	/	Tigzi [n] uḍris (sb.78, 128)	/	/	Compréhension de l’écrit (texte ?)
Sleḍ	Tasleḍt (sb.255)	Tasleḍt (sb.60)	/	/	Sleḍ (sb.46)	/	Tasleḍt (sb.124)	Analyse
Isumar n tefyirt	Tisumar [n] tefyirt (sb.88,147)	Isumar [n] tefyirt (sb.142, 136)	Tisumar [n] twinest (sb.50, 96)	Isumar [n] twinest (sb.10, 11)	Isumar [n] twinest (sb.29, 57)	/	/	Propositions de phrase
Isestanen	Isteqsiyen (sb.90)	/	Iseqsiten (sb.51)	/	Tuttriwin (sb.118)	/	/	Questions
Tafyirt	Tafyirt (sb.147)	Tafyirt (sb.136)	Tawinest (sb.96)	Tawinest (sb.11)	Tawinest (sb.57)	/	Tafyirt (sb.91, 123)	Phrase
Tinawt	Timenna (sb.44)	Tinawt (sb.89)	Tinayt (sb.32)	/	Inaw (sb.85)	/	Ini (sb.123)	Enoncé
Tasɣunt	Tasɣunt (sb.224)	Tasɣunt (sb.75)	Tasɣunt (sb.27)	Tasɣunt (sb.11)	Tasɣunt (sb.79)	/	/	Conjonction
Aktawal	Iger anmawal (sb.27)	Urti amawalan (sb.70, 114)	Iger n umawal (sb.25, 39)	/	/	/	/	Champ lexical
Afares s tira	Afares [s] tirawt (sb.87, 42)	Afares [s] tira (sb.141, 87)	/	/	Afares [s] tira (sb.116, 60)	/	/	Production écrite
Tadyant	/	/	/	/	/	/	Tadyant (sb.88)	Tragédie
Tutlayt	Tutlayt (sb.64)	Tutlayt (sb.112)	Tutlayt (sb.39)	/	Tutlayt (sb.61)	Tutlayt (sb.65)	Tutlayt (sb.125)	Langue
Asenfali s tira	Tanfalit [s] tirawt (48, 233)	Tanfalit [s] tira (sb.92, 87)	Awenni [s] tira (sb.33, 98)	Tanfalit [s] tira (Amaoui sb.104, 105)	Asenfali [s] tira (sb.44, 60)	/	/	Expression écrite
Tanfalit	Tanfalit (sb.48)	Tanfalit (sb.92)	Awenni (sb.33)	Tanfalit (Amaoui sb.104)	Tanfalit (sb.55)	/	/	Expression
Tawuri	Tawuri (sb.50)	Tawuri (sb.94)	Tawuri (sb.34)	/	Tawuri (sb.58)	Tawuri (sb.65)	Tawuri (sb.125)	Fonction
Amyag	Amyag (sb.148)	Amyag (sb.164)	Amyag (sb.58)	Amyag (sb.11)	Amyag (sb.21)	Amyag (sb.62)	/	Verbe

Awennet n tfelwit tis 7

Deg tfelwit-a, nesserwes gar 15 n yirman uzzigen i d-nekkes seg usagem-nneɣ d tesnirmin tisnetlanin i d-yeffɣen s wallal n usiẓreg. Nesbeɣ s yini ačini, irman i deg ulac acali asnirman d temgirda deg tarrayt n usileɣ n yirem : gar yirman i d-snulfan yimusnirmen d wid i d-snulfan yiselmaden d yimaswaḍen akked wid i ixeddmen deg Uɣlif Aɣelnaw n Usegmi n tmurt n Lezzayer. Deg 15 n yirman-a, anagar 6 n yirman i deg ur d-nufi ara acali mi i ten-nesserwes ɣer tesnirmin i nefren : sleḍ, tasɣunt, tanfalit, tutlayt, tawuri, amyag. Deg 9 n yirman-nniḍen, yal tikkelt nettaf-d acali – ma ulac akkya yettili yiwen n yirem-nniḍen. Ma nra ad d-nefk yiwen n umedya kan : udus asnirman « Tigzi n uḍris » deg yisental n yikayaden n lbak, agdazal-is deg tesnirmin tisnetlanin yettemgirid : « Tigzi [n] tirawt » neɣ « Tigzi [n] uḍris » deg tesniremt n Mahrazi (2013) ; « Tigzi [n wayen i] yuran » d « Tigzi [n] uḍris » deg tesniremt n Berkaï (2009), « Tigzi [n] uḍris » neɣ « Tigzi [n] tirawt » deg umawal n tmaziɣt tatrart (1980). Ar deqqal, asileɣ n wudusen-a isnirmanen sɣur-nneɣ i d-yekka. Deg tesnirmin i d-nebder, yal irem nettaf-it d takcemt iman-is. Ahat daymi i tettili temgirda mi ara ttusqedcen ula deg yikayaden n lbak ? Ahat yettbeddil wudus-nni asnirman ɛlaḥsab n wudus aɣbalu i nra ad nerr ar tutlayt tanicant ?

Taggrayt

Deg tɣuri talqayant n usagem i d-negmer, nufa-d igmaḍ i yezmer ad yakez ula d win yexḍan i taɣult n tesniremt. Deg tazwara, asekkil s tettwaru teqbaylit d win n tcawit yemgarad : taqbaylit s usekkil alatini ; tacawit s usekkil abjad-aɛrab – almi d aseggas n 2015 i teqqel tcawit tettwaru s usekkil alatini daɣen. Deg wayen i yerzan acali d usmeskel deg tesniremt tuzzigt i yettwasqedcen, deg teẓrigt tamezwarut n ukayad n lbak, i d-yeffɣen deg useggas n 2008, ur d-nemmuger ara tamgirda gar yirman n teqbaylit d wid n tcawit. Sakin, deg teẓrigt n 2009, nufa-d yiwet n temgirda kan : irem « iwudam » deg teqbaylit, « udmawen » deg tcawit. Turda i nezmer ad d-nefk ɣef temsalt-a n ucali asnirman i ulac deg sin n yiseggasen imezwura n yisental n lbak, d akken wid i d-yessebdaden isental-nni ur llin ara d Icawiyen10 Dɣa, d iselmaden iqbayliyen i yessuqqlen isental-nni seg teqbaylit ɣer tcawit.

S umata ihi, deg yikayaden n yiseggasen imezwura n 2008 d 2009, ulac acali asnirman gar teqbaylit d tcawit. Syin d afella, seg useggas n 2010 armi d 2016, yebda-d ucali asnirman yettbin-d gar sin yimcalayen-a n tmaziɣt. S wawalen-nniḍen, yebda-d umhaz n tesniremt n uselmed n tmaziɣt s ukeččum n yiremnuten am : suddem, talɣa taḥerfit, asget, atg. Seg useggas n 2016 d asawen, tebda tesniremt i yettuseqdacen tetterkad, s unqas n ucali gar teqbaylit d tcawit, deg kra n yirman am : unti, tinawt, atg. Nwala daɣen, deg wayen i yerzan iɣbula igejdanen seg wansi i d-ttwakksen yirman i yettwaseqdacen deg yikayaden n lbak, d amawal n tmaziɣt tatrart d win n tjeṛṛumt akken i t-id-tenna Sabri (2018 : 52). Dacu kan, yettbin-d, seg teswiɛt ɣer tayeḍ, uxeddim n yimaṣwaḍen n tmaziɣt s usnulfu n yirman am : aktawal, amullis, atg.

Ɣeg taggara, nezmer ad d-nini tasniremt i yettuseqdacen deg yikayaden n lbak n teqbaylit d tcawit meḥsub d yiwet. Ɣas llan kra n yirman i deg yella ucali, drus maḍi. Dacu kan, yessefk ad d-tettwasebded tesniremt tunṣibt n uɣerbaz d uselmed – ama s wallal n usiẓreg, ama s wallal umḍin – i deg ara ilin yirman uzzigen n uselmed n tjeṛṛumt, n tesnalmudt, n tsekla d wid n usedbel n tlufa n tneɣrit d uɣerbaz. S usebded n tesniremt-a tunṣibt ara yifsus ukala n uselmed n tmaziɣt ama i unelmad, i uselmad, i umaṣwaḍ, neɣ i yimawlan n unelmad d yimsiwal imagnuyen n tutlayt akken ma llan.