Agzul
Amagrad-aya, i yekkin deg taɣult n tesnilest, d tazrawt ɣef usmeskel amutlay deg umawal n yimɣan. Aḥric amezwaru d asmeskel yellan jar tmeslayin n tantala tacawit deg temnaḍt n Wawras, deg usammer tameslayt n At Busliman deg Tkukt, d tmeslayt n At Mlul deg Celyet d Buḥmama, ma deg umalu tameslayt n At Mhenna deg Ɛin Jaser, d tmeslayt n At Selṭan deg Ras Leɛyun. Aḥric wis sen d asmeskel jar tantaliwin n tmaziɣt sumata : Tacawit, taqbaylit, tumẓabt, taznatit, d trift d tcelḥit deg Lmerruk. Wteɣ ad zerweɣ asmeskel deg yismawen n yimɣan deg yal aswir seg yiswiren n tɣessa n tutlayt : asmeskel amsislan, asnalɣan, amawalan d usnamkan.
Tikta tigejdanin
Asmeskel amutlay, tantala, tameslayt, amawal, imɣan, Awras.
Tazwert
Asmeskel amutlay iḥuz yal tutlayt seg tutlayin n umaḍal acku yal tutlayt deg-s tantaliwin d tmeslayin yella jar-asen usmeskel, asmeskel-aya yekka-d seg ubeddel i d-iḍerrun ɣef tutlayt s tarbaɛt n tmental, llant tmental tisnilsanin, llant tmental tuffiɣin i tesnilest « Pour classer ces raisons, on distingue souvent entre les facteurs linguistiques et les facteurs extralinguistiques » (IMARAZENE, 2010) Timental yeqqnen ɣer tesnilest, d abeddel i yeḍran deg uswir seg yiswiren n tɣessa n tutlayt am temsislit, tasnalɣa d umawal. Timental yeffɣen i tesnilest, d abeddel yerzan timetti d usemres n tutlayt, gellunt-d s uneqqaḍ n ubeddel d usmeskel deg tutlayt. Ulac n tutlayt yezdin ukk, ulac deg-s usmeskel. Asmskel amutlay yettili-d s terbaɛt n tmental, seg-sent ukkuẓ n tmental tigejdanin :
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Asmeskel azgerkudan : Ilmend n wakud tutlayt tettbeddil seg tallit ɣer tayeḍ acku ttnulfunt-id tɣawsiwin d titrarin yettnerni umawal-nnes daɣen ttruḥunt tɣawsiwin yettenqis umawal nnes
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Asmeskel arakalan : Asmeskel ilmend n trakalt, acku tutlayt tettbeddil seg temnaḍt ɣer tayeḍ,
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Asmeskel anmetti, acku tettemgarad tutlayt jar yimsiwlen-nnes ilmend n yila (leɛmer), tuzuft, d uswir n tɣuri,
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Asmeskel ilmend n usatal d tegnit d teywalt, acku tutlayt n yiǧ n umsiwel tettmgarad ilmend n usentel d yinaw akked tegnit ideg yettmeslay.
Asmeskel amutlay yerza yal tutlayt, d abeddel i d-iḍerrun deg yal aswir seg yiswiren n tɣessa-nnes :
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Asmeskel amsislan d asmeskel i d-igellun s ubeddel n yimesla niɣ deg tarrayt n ususru-nsen, abeddel n tulmisin n yimesla tikwal yettili yerza kan asusru am temsertit, tikwal igellu-d s ubeddel n yimesli.
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Asmeskel asnalɣan d abeddel i d-iḍerrun deg talɣa n wawalen, asileɣ n wawalen s tmerna n cra n walɣacen ama deg usuddem ama deg usuddes.
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Asmeskel amawalan d ayen yerzan amawal n tutlayt d unamek n wawlen, s umata d netta i yettawin amur ameqqran n usmeskel deg yal tutlayt (assaɣen isnamkanen),
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Asmeskel aseddasan d ayen yerzan taseddast n tutlayt d wassaɣen yettilin jar n wawalen deg tefyirt, d netta i yettawin amur aneggaru n usmeskel amutlay deg tict n tutlayt.
1.Tasnarrayt
* Asmeskel amutlay yella jar tmeslayin n tict n tantala, yella daɣen jar tantaliwin n tict n tutlayt, asmeskel-aya yerza yal taɣult seg taɣulin n tudert, seg wayen i neẓra yella usmeskel jar tmeslayin n tantala tacawit deg temnaḍt n Wawras seg usammer ɣer umalu, daɣen yella jar n tantaliwin ukk n tmaziɣt, deg tezrawt i xeddmeɣ ɣef tesleḍt n yismawen n yimɣan deg Wawras d yismawen n yimɣan s tmaziɣt sumata, tikwal ttafeɣ amgired deg usemmi n yimɣan deg yal aswir seg yiswiren n tutlayt, llan yimɣan sɛan yiǧ n yisem deg tantaliwin ukk.
Deg umagrad-aya nexs ad nẓer ma yella usmeskel deg yismawen n yimɣan jar tmeslayin n tantala tacawit ? Ma yella usmeskel seg tantala ɣer tantala ?
Ma yella usmeskel deg yismawen n yimɣan anwa i d aswir seg yiswiren n tutlayt ideg yegget ?
1.1. Turdiwin
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Asmeskel amutlay iḥuz yal taɣul n tudert, ihi ad yili usmeskek deg yismawen n yimɣan ama jar n tmeslayin n tict n tantala, ama jar tantaliwin n tmaziɣt, maca ahat ad yegget jar n tantaliwin n tmaziɣt.
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Asmeskel deg yismawen yimɣan ad yili deg yal aswir n tutlayt, ad yegget deg uswir n umawal.
Deg leqdic-aya ad neḍfer tarrayt n tezrawt s uglam d userwes, seg tezrawt i nexdem ɣef tesleḍt n yismawen n yimɣan deg Wawras ad d-nefren tarbaɛt n yismawen n yimɣan i yellan s umata deg Tmazɣa u ad asen-negg tasleḍt d userwes akken ad nẓer ma yella usmeskel deg-sen, d uswir ideg yegget usmeskel.
Ad negg tasleḍt i tarbaɛt n yismawen n yimɣan yellan sumata deg yal tamnaḍt n yimaziɣen, deg uḥric amezwaru ad nurzi ɣef usmeskel yellan jar tmeslayin n tantala tacawit deg yal aswir deg uḥric wis sen ad nurzi ɣef usmeskel jar n tantaliwin n tmaziɣt ( tacawit, taqbaaylit, tumzabt, tarifit niɣ tacelḥit deg Lmerruk).
1.2. Iswan n tezrawt
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Assisen n yismawen n yimɣan deg s tcawit deg Wawras, dɣa s tmaziɣt.
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Asegzi n tarrayt n usemmi n yimɣan s tmaziɣt.
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Asemres n usmeskel deg usnerni n umawal n yimɣan d umawal n tutlayt tamaziɣt.
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Askfel d uḥraz n wawalen iqerben ad msan.
2. Qli n tbadutin yerzan asmeskel amutlay
2.1. Asmeskel amutlay
Yal tutlayt seg tutlayin ur telli d anagraw amutlay yezdin, maca d tagrumma n yinagrawen imeẓyanen ɣer-sen tulmist tagejdant n umgired d usmeskel amutlay d ubeddel. Daɣen ad d-nesbadu aasmeskel amutlay am akken d tumant n umatay (ameskil) n tutlayin i d-yettbanen deg umgired n usemres deg tict n temɣiwant tamutlayt. (BAYOU, 2017, p. 64)
2.2.Tutlayt
J. Dubois (Dubois & Autre, 1999, pp. 266-267) yettwali tutlayt deg unamek amatu am wakken d allal n taywalt, neɣ d agraw n yizamulen n qli n yimsiwal n qli n temɣiwant. Nettmeslay ɣef tutlayt tayemmat tin ad naf ttmeslayent imezdaɣ inasliyen n qli n wadeg, ḥerzen-tt imi lemden-tt segmi llan d imeẓyanen. Tutlayin timuddirin d tutlayin i yettuseqdacen imira ama deg taywalt timawit ama deg tira, maca tutlayin yemmuten d isem-nsent i d awal-nsent ur ttwaseqdacent ca ama deg timawit ama deg tira, maca yettɣima-d sumata later-nsent ama d iḍrisen n tsekla ama d ittaftaren iqburen…am wayen iɣ-d-teǧǧa tlatinit akked tegrigit.
S daxel n yiwet n tutlayt yettili usmeskel. Ama ayen yerzan iswiren n tutlayt, nettmeslay-d ɣef tutlayt tawaculant, tafuksant, tamassant, taɣerfant n qli n tesmilt tinmettit neɣ n qli n twacult neɣ n qli n ugraw asadri. Ama ayen yerzan ismesklen irakalanen, nettmeslay-d ɣef tantala akked patois. Deg taggara s daxel n yiwet n tutlayt nezmer ad naf sin n wallalen n taywalt mgaraden tutlayt yettwarun akked tutlayt timawit.
2.3. Tantala
J. Dubois (DUBOIS & Autre, 1999, pp. 143-144) yemmeslay-d ɣef tantala am wakken temmal-d inagrawen yemxalafen yettuseqdacen deg yak “la Grèce” yal agraw i qli n tewsit n tsekla, yerna tettuneḥsab d tutlayt n qli n temnaḍt deg “la Grèce” mani ilaq ad d-glunt neɣ ad d-jemɛent tantaliwin yemxalafen ama tinmettiyin ama tirakalin (l’ionien mačči kan deg l’onie maca akk deg “la Grèce” yettuseqdec i tewsit n umezruy, “Le Dorien” yettuseqdec deg ccna.
Tantala d agraw n yizamulen d yilugan yesɛan yiwet n tadra akked unagraw-nniḍen yettuneḥsaben d tutlayt, maca ur tesɛi ca aẓayar adelsan akked imetti n tutlayt deg wacu ahat i d-tennerna.Asmi ad d-nini “le Picard” d tantala tafransist, anect-a mačči anamek-is “le Picard” ilul-d seg umhaz n tefransist.
2.4. Tameslayt
Ilmend n J. Dubois (DUBOIS & Autre, 1999, p. 345) Ma nessemgared tameslayt ɣef tantala, ad d-nini dakken tameslayt d anagraw n yizamulen d yilugan iseddasen deg qli n umkan d ameẓẓyan maḍi (taddart, tameslayt nnig n wasif neɣ ddaw n wasif…), mgal tantala i yettilin deg qli n umkan ma nezmer ad d-nini d awesɛan neɣ d ameqqran (tamnaḍt, aḥric…), yerna tameslayt ur tesɛi ca maḍi aẓayar. Tutlayt neɣ tantala asmi ad tt-nezrew deg qli n temsalt tusdidt anamek-is nzerrew-itt am wakken d tameslayt. Tameslayt tikwal tettuneḥsab am wakken d tutlayt yettwasqedcen deg qli n ugraw inmetti neɣ am wakken d azamul n uttekki neɣ lebɣi n uttekki ɣer ugraw-a inmetti, tameslayt patois d tameslayt tamagamt tettwasemres deg leqdicat yerzan tafellaḥt, tameslayt n yal ass tezmer ad tt-tettuseqdec deg yakk tignatin: tameslayt n wa yeɣran, d azamul n kra n uswir n tɣuri neɣ n lefhama mgal tameslayt taɣerfant, yal tameslayt (nebder-d kan timeslayin tigejdanin) tesɛa ilugan iseddasen d agl-nnes kan, tesɛa ilugan-nniḍen tecrek-iten ɣer tmeslayin-nniḍen n tutlayt.
3. Asmeskel jar tmeslayin n tantala tacawit
Ad d-nefren ukuẓ n tmeslayin seg tmeslayin n tantala tacawit deg Wawras:
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Tameslayt n At Busliman deg tɣiwant n Tkukt - Tbatent (deg usammer n Wawras)
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Tameslayt n At Mlul deg tɣiwant n Lemsart d Celyet – Xnecla (deg usammer n Wawras)
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Tameslayt n Ayt Mhenna deg Tɣiwant n Tmehrit – Tbatent « Lḥasi » deg uɣir n Ɛin Jaser (deg umalu n Wawras)
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Tameslayt n Ayt Selṭan deg tɣiwant n Lqiqbet – Tbatent « guiguba » deg uɣir n Ras Leɛyun (deg umalu n Wawras)
Leqdic ad yili sumata ɣef yismawen n yimɣan yettwassnen mliḥ am: Azir, azezzu, amzuccen, taselɣa, ari, idles, idgel, tazenzna, tayda, uxlif…Nzmer ad nutlay ɣef usmeskel i nufa sumata jar tmeslayin-aya ɣas ma yella imɣi nafa-t deg sent n temnaḍin kan akken ad d-iban usmeskel deg yal aswir.
3.1. Asmeskel amsislan
D asmeskel yerzan tamsiselt, yettili s ubeddel n cra n yimesla niɣ n cra n tulmisin n yimesla:
[t] → [h]: seg tulmisin n tantala tacawit yella ubeddel n yimesli [t] deg tazwara n yisem unti, s yimesli [h] maca abeddel-a yella sumata deg tmeslayin n usammer n Wawras: Tkukt, Arris, Iccemmul, Timsunin… Ma d tama n umalu, ssemrasen [t] deg yisem unti, deg yimqimen ssemrasen [h].
Md: nutni → nihni, yewwi-ten → yewwi-hen, maca amqim ameskan unti yettwasusruy [ta] mačči [ha].
Ticcert → hiccert, taqqa → haqqa, taselɣa → haselɣa …
[a] → [i]: tamlellit n teɣra: deg tarbaɛt n yismawen i nufa abeddel jar n tiɣra [a], d [i]: adles → idles, taleggit → tileggit, admam → idmim, tigernina → tagernina, tamerẓuga → timerẓuga, tiyzelt → hayzelt …
[ḍ] → [ṭ]: nufa asmeskel deg usemres n yimesli [ṭ] deg wadeg n yimesli [ḍ] jar tmeslayin n tcawit.Llant teyya yessemrasen [ṭ] am Ras Leɛyun d Timsunin, llant teyya yessemrasen [ḍ] am Tkukt, Arris, Celyet, Ɛin Jaser…
Faḍis → faṭis, tabselt n yiḍan → tabselt n yiṭan, aleqqaḍ umerẓu → aleqqaṭ umerẓu …
[g] → [y]: llant temnaḍin ssemrasent imesli [g], am Ras Leɛyun, Ɛin Jaser, Celyet … llant teyya yessemrasen imesli [y], am Tkukt, Arris …
idgel → idyel, tagernina → hayernina, gursel → yursel, tigzinin → tiyzinin, igger → iyyer, tigendest → tindest (tiyendest), tguft → tayuft (Trabut, 1935, p. 35)
Aḍran: abeddel n wadeg n yimesla: awermi → imerwi.
[tazdayt] → [ṯazdayṯ] → [hazdayṯ] → [t] → [ṯ] → [h]
[Ṯazdayṯ] → [ṯazdaḵṯ] → [tazdact] → [y] → [ḵ] → [c]
[Tazdayt] → [tazḍayt] → [d] → [ḍ]
3.2. Asmeskel asnalɣan
Asmeskel yerzan talɣa n yismawen d ubeddel iḍerrun deg talɣa n yisem s tmerna niɣ s tukksa n cra n walɣac.
3.2.1. Amḍan n yisem
Tikwal llan yismawen yettbeddal umḍan-nsen seg tmeslayt ɣer tmeslayt, ad t-naf s talɣa n wasuf deg tmeslayt (1), s talɣa n usget deg tmeslayt (2):
Arja (Tkukt) → arjagen (Ɛin Jaser)
Tiɣmest n temɣart (Ras Leɛyun) → tiɣmas n temɣarin (Tkukt)
Tamersuṭ (Tkukt) → timersiṭin (Ras Leɛyun)
tazdayt, tazdit, tazday, tazzayt, tazzart, mmi-iẓeyyar, azzay, pl. izzayen « dattier mâle » amersiḍ, tazdat, pl. tezday (Siw) tezdit, pl. tezday (Nef) tazdit, pl. tizdayin (Skn) tezdet, pl. tezday (Snd), tazdayt, pl. tizdayin
3.2.2. Tawsit n yisem
Tikwal yettili umgired deg usileɣ n yismawen n yimɣan ilmend n tewsit, llan yya yessemrasen amalay, llan yya yessemrasen unti.
Awelwaḍu → tawelwaḍut → tawelwaḍa
Mar uzalaɣ → tmart uḥuli
Awejmi → tawejmit
Lxubbayez → tixbizt
3.3. Asmeskel amawalan
D asmeskel yerzan amawal d win yewwin amur ameqqran deg usmeskelyellan deg usemmi n yimɣan jar n tmeslayin, acku imɣan ttusemman ilmend n usemres-nsen deg tudert n yal ass n umdan d ugama ideg llan.Ad naf llan yimɣan sɛan ugar n yiǧ n yisem deg tict n tmeslayt, llan yimɣan ttemgaraden yismawen-nsen seg tmeslayt ɣer tayeḍ :
Bumlal → tazelɛeqqut
Taznezna → aywal (TRABUT, 1935, p. 140)
Tmiɣziwt → akreččun
Aqbabuc → ttekkuk → nniba
Asennan n uɣyul → abeẓẓiḍ n uɣyul → iferyes
Tabɣa → buṣuf → idmim
Amzuccen → legric → tizrit → zzɛiṭra
Timezzeryin → lxeyyaṭa → ljiɛda
Tellɣudi → aktir
Amerquc → ahertil → aherfi
Gingiḍ → saleḥ lendar
Aderyis → bunafeɛ
Tiyzinin / tigzinin → timeqsin
Maca llan gut n yismawen sɛan yiǧ n yisem deg yal adeg deg Wawras, ur yelli deg-s n usmeskel, awalya imɣan yettwassnen mliḥ niɣ yettusemrasen gut deg tujjya, ahat deg cra n temnaḍin ssemrasen isem anadaf seg taɛrabt, maci d asmeskel i yeḍran, d amsay i yemsa wawal anaṣli s tmaziɣt . Seg yimɣan-a ad d-naf : azir (liklil), ari, idles (ddis), aderyis, iles ufunas, fettat leḥjer, faḍis, affar, zimba (aɛerɛar), taqqa, idgel, izri (cciḥ), taselɣa, ticcert …
3.4. Asmeskel asnamkan
D asmeskel-a i yeǧǧan ad tili tgetnamka, sira ad naf yiǧ n wawal deg talɣa maca anamek-nnes yemgarad seg temnaḍt ɣer tayeḍ :
Azezzu : deg temnaḍt n Ɛin Jaser d genêt épineux, am teqbaylit maca deg temnaḍt n Tkukt d imɣi-nniḍen, d genêt hérisson.
Talɣuda → tellɣudi : deg temnaḍt n Ɛin Jaser : talɣuda d imɣi yerwas ttekkuk n yiɣyal, yettegg ajeǧǧig ini-nnes d alɣudi (mauve), maca deg temnaḍt n Tkukt : tellɣudi : d imɣi yettegg deg yiẓuran-nnes tiɛeqqayin am tbaṭaṭin.
Ttay n udrar : ur yelli d yiǧ n yimɣi jar n temnaḍt n Ɛin Jaser d temnaḍt n Ras Leɛyun.
Deg wayen yerzan isennanen, imi ggtent tewsatin n yisennanen, nufa qli n umgired deg yismawen-nsen jar n yimsulɣa, llan yisennanen yal amsalɣu amek i t-yettsemmi, amedya : asennan n uɣyul, sira ad tesseqsid fell-as, ad tafed amgired jar yimsulɣa n tict n temnaḍt niɣ jar n temnaḍin maca amgired-aya yezmer ad yili d imsulɣa i yeccḍen, ssexlaḍen jar yisennanen macci d asmeskel asnamkan.
4. Asjar meskel jar n tantaliwin n tmaziɣt
Deg wayen yerzan asmeskel jar n tcawit, taqbaylit, tumẓabt, taznatit, tarifit d tcelḥit deg umawal n yimɣan, ad d-nawi cra n imedyaten :
4.1. Asmeskel amsislan
S umata asmeskel amsislan yellan jar n tmeslayin n tantala n tcawit niɣ n teqbaylit yezmer ad yili jar n tantaliwin n tmaziɣt, am tulmisin n cra n yimesla : tufayt, tizzenzeɣt, tiggeɣt, taɣect : [d] / [ḏ], [k] / [ḵ], [t] / [ṯ], [g] / [ǥ] … maca tikwal yettili ubeddel n yimesli s yimeli yiǧ seg tantala ɣer tantala : [t] / [h] , [l] / [r] , [r] / [ḥ] , [g] / [j] , [r] / [h] , [r] / [ɛ] …
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[a] → [i]: alili → ilili, adles → idles, admam → idmim…
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[ḵ] → [y]: taxsaḵt → tasayt, tamerrukt → tamerruyt → merruyet → (mernuyet) (KERDJA, 2006, p. 25)
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[t] → [ṯ] → [h]: tazdayt → ṯazdayṯ →hazdayṯ
(Deg tazwara n yisem unti deg tantala tacawit ssemrasen [h] deg umkan n [t] maca llant temnaḍin deg Wawras ssemrasen [ṯ].)
Asmeskel amsislan yegget jar n tantaliwin n tmaziɣt ujar n usmeskel jar n tmeslayin n tcawit, yal tantala s tulmisin-nnes.
[l] → [r] deg tantala tarifit deg Lmerruk ttbeddalen imesli [r] deg wadeg n [l] : alili → ariri → anini (KERDJA, 2006, p. 18), fleyyu → freyyu, lbesbas → rbesbas.
[r] → [ḥ] → [h] → [ɛ] : deg tantala taznatit imesli [r] ttbeddalen-t s [ḥ] niɣ [h] niɣ [ɛ].
[r] → [ḥ] : ṯazarṯ → tazaḥt, ṯiccerṯ → ticceḥt, ṯamurṯ → tamuḥt …
[r] → [h] : irden → ihden, ṯiɣirdemt → tiɣehdemt.
[r] → [ɛ] : rni → ɛni, rwel → ɛwel, rwes → ɛwes…
[r] → [ ] : yekker → yekka
[g] → [j] : yettili usmeskel deg yimesli [g] yetteqqal [ǥ] deg tantaliwin am teqbaylit d tcawit, maca tikwal yetteqqal d [j] deg tcawit d teznatit d tumẓabt : igg → ijj, tagertilt → tajertilt, tagernina → tayernina, argaz → aryaz → arjaz.
Aḍran
Awermi (kb) imerwi (tcw).
Tifinin (tcw) / tinifin. Tinifin, plssg « lentilles » (Siw) tanifit, pl. tenifin « petit pois » (Nef) tanifit, pl. tnifin « lentille comestible » (Ghd) (HADDADOU, 2006/2007, p. 140)
4.2. Asmeskel asnalɣan
D asmeskel i yerzan talɣa n yismawen d ubeddel i yettilin deg usileɣ n yismawen n yimɣan : tawsit, amḍan, isem aḥerfi d usuddim, d wuddis.
- Amḍan n yisem yettili deg-s umgired deg usileɣ n usget seg wasuf jar n tantaliwin :
Alili / ilili : ilila, ililiyen, ililayen, ililawen
Tazemmurt : tizemrin, tizemratin, tizemmurin
Tayda : taydayin, tayedwin
Azezzu : izezza, izedwan
Tamersuḍt : timersaḍ, timersiṭin
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Tawsit n yisem llan yismawen tettbeddal tewsit-nnsen jar tantaliwin :
Tamerrukt → merruyt → tmirriwt
Taylalut → waylalu, awelwaḍu → tawelwaḍut
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Asemres n yisem aḥerfi d wuddis : tajertilt / tagertilt → tagertilt n nnbi → fettat leḥjer,
4.3. Asmeskel amawalan
D ayen yerzan amawal, llan cra n yimɣan ɣer-sen ismawen mgaraden seg tantala ɣer tantala:
Uxlif, acekrid, akerruc… (Chêne vert)
Tanqelt, tagrurt, tameɣrust, tazart, tazaḥt, timeččit, timeccit… (Figuier) (Smail-Iggui, 2019/2020, p. 200)
Lmeṣṭur : / Maïs, Zea mays.L / Amegdawal : Akʷbal, ablul, ageṭṭuc, lbecna, amezgir, lbectuḍ, qillu, asengar.
Anamek-nnes deg yisegzawalen :
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Maïs {plante} (Zea mays) Adawa ; Ageṭṭuc ; Amezgir (Chaoui ; Ntifa) ; Aqenfudi ; Amezgur ; Asengar (Ida Gounidif). (Kerdja, 2006, p. 25)
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Akʷbal (wa) : ǁ Maïs. Takʷbalt, takʷbalin : ǁ N. d’un. Epi de maïs. Asb.22 : ablul : ɣer-s inumak yyiḍ ur illi d akbal « Maïs » (Dallet, 1982, pp. 391, 22)
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Le maïs (akbal, ageṭṭuc). (Smail-Iggui, 2019/2020, p. 199)
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Takʷebalt, tikʷebalin: Epis du maïs asb232.Taqebbuyt, tiqʷebbay : Epis du maïs Asb.400. Qillu, id qillu: Maïs. Aqillu, aqilluten : Grain de maïs Asb.405. (Amaniss, 2012, pp. 232, 400, 405)
Lmesṭur, lbecna, lbecṭuḍ (Nouh-Mefnoune & Abdessalam, 2011, p. 230).
Iles ufunas : / Bourrache officinale, Borago officinalis L / yettemgarad yisem-nnes seg tantala ɣer tict : iles ufunas, amegdawal : s teqbaylit : cix lebqul, fudelqem, fudelɣem, iles n tfunast, iles n uzger, iles waruy, tamment-tzizwa…deg tmeslayt n Ras Leɛyun (tcw) qqaren-as « tisezweɣt ».
Anamek-nnes deg yisegzawalen :- Bourrache officinale (Borrago officinalis) : Cixlebqul ; Fudelqem ; Ileswaruy ; Urwi ; Tammenttzizwa ; Buεussal (Iguerrouan) ; Iles uwaγwi (A. Oumesdakal) ; Iles ufunas (A. Seghrouchen) ; Ils n tfunast (Ntifa) ; Isk uzgir (Illaln) ; Tilkit u uccen (Amanouz). (Kerdja, 2006, p. 21)
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Borago officinalis L. F: Bourrache, Kb : Fudelqem, fudelɣem. (Smail-Iggui, 2019/2020, p. 92)
Imeččan : / Figues, Ficus carica / yettmgarad yisem-nnes seg tantala ɣer tict amegdawal : imeccan (mzb), ibexsisen (kb), lexrif, ixendafen (tclMC), iqendafen (znt).
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Axenduf, ixendafen [MORPH. m.c. axen + adif] Figue murissante et gonflée demesurément. Axenduf, ixendufen : Gros nez = Syn. Axenzuṭ. (Amaniss, 2012, p. 42)
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Amecci, umecci, imeccan : n. m : figue. - Ḥedd-nni d amecci : /un tel est lourdaud. Remarque : la lettre « c » est prononcée avec emphase. (Nouh-Mefnoune & Abdessalam, 2011, p. 77)
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Tabexsist, tibexsisin : ǁfigue fraîche (Dallet, 1982, p. 59).
Lexyar : / Concombre, cucumis sativus / Amegdawal : ilekkel, Axyar, taɣessimt. - - Xyart [ṯaxyaṛṯ] : ta/texyart. SM + NT || ssenf n lxedra i tetten medden akken d tazegzawt. MD. SG. Tixyarin. JML. Lexyar. (Bouamara, 2008, p. 312)
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C. Stivus – concombre : Taxyart, lexyar, ilkel, tsouarour, qoqqous. (Trabut, 1935, p. 82)
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Concombre (Cucumis sativus) Ilekkel ; Lexyaṛ ; Taγeccimt (Touareg). (Kerdja, 2006, p. 22)
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Taɣessimt, tɣessimt, tiɣessimin. : n.f. : fruit non mûr du melon. (Nouh-Mefnoune & Abdessalam, 2011, p. 328)
Tayzelt : / Ronce – Rubus /
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Ronce (Rubus loganobaccus L) inijel, pl. inijwal ; tajelt. (Kerdja, 2006, p. 19)
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inijel (i) ǁ Ronce (dont les fruits sont les mûres, tizwal)561. Syn. : amadaɣ. 960 : tizwelt (te), tizwal (te) ǁ Mûre de ronce. D amadaɣ i d-yettaken tizwal (inijel). (Dallet, 1982, pp. 561, 960)
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Rubus discolor ulmifolius – Ronce : Anijjel, Akhlij, Achdirt, Ahalij, Amarhar, Amodar, cherremou, ttut llexla. (Trabut, 1935, p. 224)
4.4. Asmeskel asnamkan
D asmeskel deg unamek n cra n yismawen n yimɣan, ad tafed yiǧ n yisem yemmal-d imɣan mgaraden seg temnaḍt ɣer tict :
Azezzu (genêt épineux) deg temnaḍin n Leqbayel d uɣir n umalu n Wawras yemmal-d yiǧ n yimɣi ɣer-s isennanen, yettegg ijeǧǧigen d iwraɣen, maca deg temnaḍt n usammer n Wawras (Tkukt, Arris, Celyet..) yemmal-d imɣi yiǧ yemgarad (Erinacea anthyllis, genêt-hérisson) : d imɣi n lexla ɣer-s isennanen ur yeggam ca mliḥ, yettili jar 30 al 40 cm, deg-s sent n tewsatin, yiǧ yettegg ijeǧǧigen d iwraɣen, qqaren-as tazezzut, yiǧ yettegg ijeǧǧigen d idbiriyen (mauve),qqaren-as azezzu, ma d imɣi mi ssawalen s teqbaylit azezzu,deg uɣir n Tkukt ssawalen-as baw n yilef, deg uɣir n yiccmmul qqaren-as akesma.
Tazart : ɣur leqbayel tazart d ibexsisen qquren ɣer tfukt (BOUAMARA, 2008, p. 319), maca deg temnaḍin am Tkukt isem tazart yemmal-d taseṭṭa n yibexsisen / imeččan, s teznatit qqaren-as tazaḥt i tseṭṭa n imeččan (timeččit deg temnaḍin teyyiḍ), deg tumẓabt tazart : anamek-nnes d imeččan ubifar, niɣ d tisemḍit tamezwarut n yimeččan ubifar (NOUH-MEFNOUNE & ABDESSALAM, 2011, p. 333).
Zimba : deg tantala tacawit yemmal-d imɣi mi qqaren lɛerɛar, ṣanawber (genévrier commun), ma deg teqbaylit azimba d aselɣaɣ n tayda niɣ n lɛerɛar(gomme du pin d’Alep ou de genévrier)
Tuzzalt : deg tantala tacawit yemmal-d imɣi mi qqaren (frêne commun), ma deg teqbaylit tuzzalt qqaren-as daɣen tifuzzal / tifuzzar, d imɣi yerwes mliḥ azir, qqaren-as s tcawit azir n yidma (cictus libanotis).
Axeṛṛub : Awal axeṛṛub ɣer-s tarbaɛt n yinumak ttegaraden seg tantala ɣer tict
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d imɣi, d taseṭṭa i d-yettuččen agamu yettili d accawen (tifejɣal) am yibawen sira ad yeww yettwella d aqehwi.
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Adrum : deg teqbaylit, axeṛṛub yettawi daɣen anamek n udrum, tarbaɛt n twaculin n yiǧ n lɛerc. Ilmend n usegzawal issin asb.307, d usegzawal n Dallet asb.905
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deg tumẓabt ɣer-s tarbaɛt n yinumakilmend n usegzawal n tumẓabt asb.249, 332. 249 : lxerrub : /caroubier, grains du caroubier/, d axeṛṛub niɣ d tiẓnin n uxerrub. 332 : a.taxerrubt, tixerrubin : d idrimen n zik, niɣ d tayunt n lkil n lmizan n wureɣ /carat/, d azal n lmizan n teẓnint n uxerrub. b. taxerrubt d tarbaɛt n tsurratin n lquran, beṭṭan tixerrubin i yya ad d-yeqran lquran kul yiǧ s txerrubt-nnes. c. d tayunt n lkil n wakud i beṭṭu n waman n wanu yezdin tarbaɛt n yimdanen. (NOUH-MEFNOUNE & ABDESSALAM, 2011, pp. 249, 332)
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deg Lmerruk ɣer-s anamek : /quart (1/4)/ amur wis ukuẓ, (AMANISS, 2012, p. 603).
Lexyar : / Concombre, cucumis sativus / Lexyar : ǁ le meilleur. ǁ concombre. (coll). Taxyart, tixyarin : ǁ concombre, cornichon. (DALLET, 1982, p. 915)
Tikwal llan yismawen n yimɣan yegget deg-sen usmeskel seg tantala ɣer tict, asmeskel-a iḥuz iswiren mgaraden, ilmend n wayen i d-ufiɣ deg cra n yisegzawalen isem « tazdayt » yella deg-s usmeskel amsislan, asnalɣan, amawalan d usnamkan
Tazdayt / tajebbart : / Palmier dattier – Phoenix dactylifera L /
Amegdawal : tajebbart, tazzayt, tafruxt, tazzart.
Anamek-nnes deg yisegzawalen:
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-Palmierdattier Tabinewt ; Tazaneţ ;Tazdayt ; Tazḍayt (A. Ndhir) ; tazzart (Berabers, Touareg); Afrux (Sous) ; Tazḍayt (Berabers). (Kerdja, 2006, p. 17)
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tazdayt: F.IV, 1945, tazzait, tizdayin ǁ Palmier-datier. (Dallet, 1982, p. 931)
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tassaft, pl. tasafin « palmier dattier » (R, Izn) tasaft « chêne vert » (R, Senh) 188, tazzayt, pl. tizzayin « palmier, dattier femelle, dattier en général » azzay, pl. izzayen « dattier mâle » (To), tazdat, pl. tezday (Siw) tezdit, pl. tezday (Nef) tazdit, pl. tizdayin (Skn) tezdet, pl. tezday (Snd), tazdayt, pl. tizdayin « palmier » (Wrg, Mzb), tazdayt, pl. tizdayin « palmier dattier » (MC, Chl, R, K, Cha) 227 (Haddadou, 2006/2007, pp. 188, 227)
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Afrux : 2. Dattier en général. Tafruxt, tifruxin : le palmier-dattier (unité 92). 624 : Tazdayt, tizdayin : 1. Palmier-dattier = syn. Tafruxt. 2. Problème, affaire. 668 : mm-iẓiyyar : Nom d’un palmier dattier (individu). (Amaniss, 2012, pp. 92, 624, 668)
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Phoenix dactylifera – Datier : Tanekht, Tazdaït, Tazzaït, Tazoutel, Tezdit – Tigzdaït, Tezdaï, Tafinaout, isgaren, Azouan, Hazdacht. (Trabut, 1935, p. 190)
tazdayt / tazzart (ɣer-s inumak yyiḍ)
Tazdayt / tafruxt (ɣer-s inumak yyiḍ), tazdayt / tassaft (ɣer-s inumak yyiḍ)
Deg tumẓabt tazdayt tezmer ad tili d isem n tewsit n uẓeṭṭa : tazdayt, tezdayt, tizdayin : n.f. : 1 palmier. 2 dattier. 3 nom d’un motif de tissage. 4 deux ou trois fils de chaîne, doublés, correspondant à la lisière du tissu (métier à tisser). (Nouh-Mefnoune & Abdessalam, 2011, p. 333)
Taggrayt
Asmeskel amutlay deg umawal n yimɣan yeqqen ɣer tarbaɛt n tmental seg-sent :
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Timentelt n trakalt : tarakalt tameqqrant i teṭṭef Tmazɣa, tegla-d s usmeskel deg yismawen n wayendin n yimɣan ilmend n ugama, yal tamnaḍt s yimɣan yeggten deg-s. Asemmi n yimɣan yeqqen ɣer tmeddurt n umdan d usemres n yal imɣi, asmeskel amsislan yeqqen ɣer tulmisin n temsiselt n yal tameslayt.
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Timentelt n wakud : abeddel n tutlayt ilmend n wakud yerza aṭas amawal n yimɣan imi tuget n yismawen n yimɣan, d imɣaren d temɣarin i ten-yessnen acku ssemrasen-ten deg tmeddurt-nsen seg zik, llan cra n yismaen n yimɣan qerben ad msan seg tmetti ma ddurin yimɣaren, acku imir-a ur ssemrasen ca imɣan-aya.
Asmeskel-aya deg umawal n yimɣan yerza yal yiwen seg yiswiren n tutlayt maca yella mani yegget yella mani yedres.Jar n tmeslayin n tantala tacawit,asmeskel yegget deg uswir n umawal, llan cra n yimɣan yal tamnaḍt amek i ten-ttsemmin, bla ma nettu asmeskel amsislan i yeqqnen ɣer tulmisin n yal tameslayt, yettili deg umawal n tmeslayt sumata ur yerzi ca kan amawal n yimɣan, maca asmeskel-aya ur yelli d ugur deg umsefhem jar n yimsiwlen awalya win yessnen tulmisin n tmeslayt-idin, anamek n wawal, yiǧ.
Asmeskel jar n tantaliwinn tmaziɣt yegget deg uswir n temsiselt acku ttemgaradent tulmisin n temsiselt n yal tantala. Ma d asmeskel amawalan, yegget seg tantala ɣer tayeḍ acku yal tamnaḍt amek i tettsemmi i yemɣan : dayen i d-igellun s wugur n umsefham jar n yimsiwlen n wayendin n tantaliwin, maca tikwal llan yismawen ulac-iten deg tmeslayt tict, llan deg tmeslayt-nniḍen n tict n tantala, am yimɣi Paronyque argenté, s tcawit qqaren-as fettat leḥjer, s teqbaylit qqaren-as tagertilt / tagertilt n nnbi, maca deg tcawit, s tmeslayt n At Busliman, qqaren-as fettat leḥjer niɣ hajertilt, deg tantala taqbaylit llan yya yessemrasen isem fettat leḥjer.Ɣef waya, yuma ad nezrew asmeskel jar n tmeslayin n tict n tantala qbel ad nezrew asmeskel jar n tantaliwin n tmaziɣt sumata. D amedya, ma nesserwes tict n tmeslayt seg tantala tacawit yid n tmeslayt n Xerraṭa deg uɣir n Bgayet seg tantala taqbaylit, ad naf asmeskel yedres, maca ma nesserwes-itt yid n tmeslayt seg uɣir n Tizi Uzzu, ad naf asmeskel yegget.